The Outsiders By. Hilton - 777 Words

The Outsiders, a novel written by S.E. Hilton depicts a story of the life of a fourteen year old teenage boy named Ponyboy Curtis 14 year old boy. Life where he is, is segregated by money into two main groups: the Socs and the Greasers. The Socials or Socs, are more of the wealthier group, while the Greasers are poorer and lower class. The narrator and protagonist, Ponyboy, is a greaser wishing for a better life full of opportunity. The story is mainly about the clash between the poor Greasers and the rich Socs. All of the fighting between these two social classes, resulted in the main characters having to overcome many conflicts and obstacles. The obstacles that Ponyboy and his friends had to persevere were beyond their control, while dealing with the death of their loved ones, and being born into their social class. Pony and his friends were always fighting with Socs throughout the story. They were also forced to break the law, trying to persevere through obstacles that were far beyond his control. Before these events occurred, one of Ponyboy’s friends, Johnny, was attacked by the Socs. He had never hurt anyone, more specifically, â€Å"Johnny had never hurt the Socs,† yet they still attacked him (Hilton 16). Ponyboy was extremely close with Johnny and â€Å"was something more than a buddy to all of us† (Hilton 178). Ponyboy and Johnny encounter the same incident with Socs as before and fought for their lives. However, they are saved and left. This resulted in them having to goShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Hilton Hotels876 Words   |  4 Pagessatisfaction, Goals and objectives, (changing the way hotel business has worked), and Change within the company; structurally inside and physically outside, adding elements, like entertainment, gaming, and outdoor activities, is the Hilton Hotel Company. History History of Hilton hotel has been very interesting as it started as Mobley Hotel in year 1919 a small building. Because, when the company started it had no plans or ideas of expanding, the sole purpose was to serve as a place for the travelers toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Outsiders 906 Words   |  4 PagesThe Outsiders by S.E.Hilton is one of the most well-known books of all time. S.E. Hilton was born in July 22, 1948 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She wrote the book, when she was fifteen, and it was published during a first year in college at the University of Tulsa (Hinton). The book made a huge impact. The book sold more than 14 million copies, and it’s the number one selling young adult book in history (Hinton). She would become really popular, and she would be would be known as â€Å"The Voice of the YouthRead MoreThe Outsiders Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The Outsiders In class we have been reading a novel called ‘The Outsiders’ by S E Hilton. This book was published forty years ago and is still popular because it has an interesting theme and characters as well. The book was set in the 1960’s in Tulsa, Oklahoma, America. This book is about a boy named Ponyboy Curtis and his brothers and his gang. Ponyboy is from a gang called the greasers. The greasers are enemies with the socs who are the rich kids. Ponyboy is good friends with Johnny Cade, whoRead MoreCase Study961 Words   |  4 Pagesup, we were surrounded by people who could be a mix of all groups. There were many crippled, and many in formal dresses. All on the same side. Unlike anything I had ever seen. Somehow, I was the one to speak up. â€Å"Well! Hello there! My name is Ava Hilton, and this is my good friend, Pierce Mahoney. We come in peace, and more importantly, we want to stop the government’s discrimination.† The people exchanged unsure and doubtful glances. The same girl, Clea, said gruffly, â€Å"Well, Mia might have toldRead MoreHow Were The Lives Of Young People Throughout The 1960s?1516 Words   |  7 PagesHow were the lives of young people in the 1960s? S.E.Hinton, a twentieth century author wrote many books about youth. In her novel, The Outsiders, S.E.Hinton introduced the theme of conflict between the young teenagers. During S.E.Hinton s life, she experienced major changes in American lifestyle. After World War II, weekly income went up for families. With more money inevitably came a certain degree of independence - less parental support was needed for socializing and purchasing (OverviewRead MoreJust Days Before The Republican National Convention888 Words   |  4 Pagesticket alongside him as his vice president — Indiana Governor Mike Pence. â€Å"I m here today to introduce the man who will be my partner in this campaign and White House,† Trump said, beginning his remarks to a small crowd of New York supporters in the Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. â€Å"I found the leader that will help us deliver a safe society and a prosperous society, a really prosperous society, for all Americans.† The GOP presumptive nominee was slated unveil his VP pick at a news conference FridayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Outsiders 1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe Outsiders, a novel by S.E. Hilton is set in Oklahoma in the 1960s, tells the story of a group of greasers that will always back each other up no matter what the situation. On the other hand, the play Our Town by Thornton Wilder, is set a small town in New Hampshire in the early 1900s that focuses on the lifestyles of common people that share common interests and live together as a whole community. Both stories emphasize the theme of cherishing life. In The Outsiders, Johnny, a sixteen year-oldRead MoreThe Islamic State Of Iraq And Syria1308 Words   |  6 Pagesincluded mass executions, abducting women, using girls as sex slaves(â€Å"Terrifying UN Report† par.1).They have greatly threatened to exterminate minority Yazidis in Iraq by killing any whom refuse to convert from Christianity to Islam. According to Hilton, the terror group has been holding girls and women, many whom are Yazidi women, being held in Iraq. There are only two purposes that ISIS has for holding the women which is to either sell them or to destroy morale by raping and torturing them. TheRead MoreThe Success Of The Bell Jar By Sylvia Plath1401 Words   |  6 Pageswas published, feminism wasn’t a common theme in most literature. Upon its publication in 1967 the most popular books of the time were One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Martinez and The Outsiders by S.E Hilton. Neither one of these popular books have a theme of feminis m. The Outsiders doesn’t even have any strong female characters. Both of the novels plot’s main focus is on a male or a group of males. The majority of books published in the same year The Bell Jar was in the United StatesRead More Cost Accounting: Its role and ethical considerations Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pages managers need to review the effect of their decision on financial reporting to outsiders whereas Variable costing can be used by managers to review the effect of management decisions on production, costs and profits. References: Absorption, Variable, and Throughput Costing. Retrieved on December15, 2004 from http://www.kellogg.nwu.edu/faculty/balachan/htm/Acct439/Solutions/solution_manual19.doc Hilton, Ronald W: Cost Management: Strategies for Business Decisions, Second Edition:

Recruitment Process in Transnational Corporations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Recruitment Process in Transnational Corporations. Answer: Introduction: Airline industries are one of the fast rising companies and the growth of the airlines industries has brought forward a lot of beneficial surprises for the society in general. First and foremost the airlines industry contributes a significant chunk to the growing economy; the business research analysts have deemed airlines industry to be the fastest growing industries in the world. According to the recent statistics the aviation industry contributes roughly 3.5% of the annual gross domestic product of the world which can be calculated approximately to 2.7 trillion dollars; hence the importance o the airlines industry is paramount to the economy. However, like any other corporate sector, an industry can perform well only when it has an efficient employee base (Yang Xinde, 2014). In order to have an employee base that is efficient, skilled, loyal and proactive, the recruitment pattern should be equally efficient and robust as well. And for that purpose an industry needs a qualified and efficient HR manager, who will have the required charisma, foresight and persuasiveness that will not only allow him or her to choose the best personnel for different designations, but will also allow him or her to manage the employees performance and behaviour in the organization as well. Now a the whole concept of sustainability of an organization depends on the performance quality and productivity of its employees depends relies on the capability of the HR manager to maintain optimal organizational culture and employee selection and their management, the importance of a HR manager is supreme for an organization to retain smooth sailing success (Wirtz Heracleous, 2016). This assignment will explore the necessary recruitment strategies for a HR manager taking the context of a viation industry, the airlines chosen for illustration is Singapore airlines. Singapore airlines are the basic flag carrier in the island country, and together with its subsidiaries it performs the majority of the passenger and the cargo air transportation, terminal services, engineering services and many more. This airline company operates in the entire eastern Asia and the employee strength of the company is about 30088 staffs according to the recent statistics shared by the organization. The annual revenue generation by the company is 15975.5 million dollars which is quite commendable considering the current status of economy. The mission statement of the airlines is centred on the basic goal to provide air transportation services with optimal quality and safety to the people all the while maximising the revenuer returns to safeguard the best interests of all the stakeholders involved. Elaborating more on the nature of business process, the very first principle followed in the organization is the clarity and commitment to the customers. They provide an inte gral and interactive communication system with their customers to ensure that best service support is provided to the customers. Furthermore, for better career growth of the employees, the airline company also regularly engages in continuous training and career development programs in order to entertain the skill enhancement for the employees (Singaporeair.com., 2017). There are a number of innovative business process management techniques employed to entertain more customer satisfaction like in-flight free resources, individual video screens, gaming devices and other in-flight entertainment devices. Lastly it has to be mentioned that the company also engages in a robust and periodic rewards and recognition program that helps in boosting staff loyalty as well. Hence, it cannot be ignored that the company engages in a vast variety of different activities and programs in order to boost the brand reputation and these business process management activities can only be organized effectiv ely by the means of a highly efficient middle management team, the position of HR manager selected plays pivotal role in this (Singaporeair.com., 2017). Job analysis and job design: The designation of a HR manager can be defined as a link between the employees and the management hierarchy of the organization, a personnel who is entrusted with two basic functions within the organization, the first is to overlook the entire business process functions in teh organization, and secondly, overall employee management. Now it has to be understood in this context that these job responsibilities entertain elements from a variety of different HR management disciplines, like compensation benefits, employee training and improvement, employee relation improvement, recruitment, selection and retention. First and foremost, an important role of an HR manager is to devise and negotiate strategic compensation plans and co-align them with adequate performance management and the compensation structure of the airline company. As mentioned above, an HR manager does not only recruit employees; rather the entire performance management and development comes under their job responsibiliti es. Hence, an HR manager will have to arrange and manage orientation programs, professional and personal development programs, leadership seminars to ensure that the needs and requirements of the company and its staff is addressed at all costs (?lusarczyk Golnik, 2014). Moreover, an HR manager is the professional personnel is entrusted with the responsibility of both maintaining and fortifying the employee-employer relationship in the organization by crafting an efficient employee relation management strategy, that will incorporate all the steps to ensure that the best interests of the employees are met and the grievances of the employees are regularly communicated and heard to. Lastly, the most instrumental responsibility of the HR manager is to perform adequate recruitment for the employees in order to meet the workforce demand of the airline company and follow the present labour market trends. Hence, HR manager will be responsible for he over all decision making procedure that i nvolves corporate branding for recruitment and the recruitment procedure itself (Swider, Zimmerman Barrick, 2014). Now considering the core competencies required in a HR manager include excellent communication skills, decision making capabilities, persuasive and motivation skills, and critical management competencies. It has to be mentioned in this context, that the performance quality, efficiency of the staff and workplace ergonomics are key principles of the job role for an Airline company HR manager. There are a number of different risks associated with aviation industry, fuel management, spilling, hydraulics management, adequate cleaning and in-flight safety procedures, all fall under the final supervision and discretion of a HR manager. Hence, key risk management skills are also required; lastly as a HR management is a sector associated with managing the behaviour and performance of people, the mental capacity of conflict management and stress tolerance is also a prerequisite for a HR manager. Hence, the recruitment for HR manager needs to be very strategic and cautious (Sengupta Sengupta, 2014). Recruitment strategies: The recruitment strategy can be defined as the carefully planned and organized set of steps that define the actions to be taken in order to hold a recruitment program for a particular profession. This strategy will incorporate a detailed organization for ewach and every step before and during a recruitment procedure. It will incorporate the planning for job advertisement, interviewing criteria, basic requirements, interviewer panel selection and management of the entire procedure. Now recruiting a new HR manager can be a tricky sector, for an airline industry it is even more complicated to decide on the recruitment criteria to opt for in order, and it is mandatory for the recruitment procedure to take into account all the external and internal factors associated all the while keeping the recruitment procedure as inclusive and diversified as possible (Schreiweis et al., 2014). The first and foremost strategy while planning a recruitment program is proper job role advertisements, it has to be understood that HRM is a crucial position for any corporate4 industry and for a dynamic industry like aviation, it is even more critical. The job advertisements method that is generally followed in the most business sectors is online media publication. The strategy for job advertisements must attract the attention of the public in the maximal level, hence the job advertisement strategy must incorporate all the popular online media interfaces, and the job description or job roles must be described with clarity and charismatic style to ensure more and more individuals are attracted to the position (Sarinah, Gultom Thabah, 2017). As the role of an HR manager is a very critical domain and the entire recruitment procedure for the airline company might suffer due to a wrong recruitment, which will eventually lead to weakening employee strength and overall business process management, there should not be any risks taken while recruiting for an HR manager. Singapore airlines can opt for the strategy incorporating employment or headhunting agencies. These agencies in most cases have the most qualified personnel and will be able to provide the best personnel for the post. The recruitment procedure is incomplete with a strong and efficient recruitment board or interview panel. Hence the next strategy for the airline company will be to put together a group of most qualified higher management personnel for the airline company to carry out the interview and selection procedure. The panel may incorporate managing directors, business process manager, employee relation manger, business process analyst and event the vice chairman of company (Kahungu, 2017). Lastly care should be taken to screen the recruitment procedure so that only deserving and adequately qualified personnel are given the opportunity to appear for the designation and to ensure that the recruitment criteria are maintained at all costs. Selection strategies: The concept of recruitment strategy and selection strategy might seem equivalent superficially; however there is a significant difference in between the both. A recruitment strategy is designed and implemented while conducting a recruitment program, however, a selection strategy decides which candidate will selected for the designation and based on what factors will the selection procedure will be completed. Hence, a selection strategy is equally mandatory for a company to have and here should be enough attention invested in designing a selection strategy (Kahungu, 2017). Now human resource selection techniques of a particular company may vary greatly, and it depends absolutely on the staffing needs and characters of the company concerned and the designation for which the selection procedure is being carried out (Broughton et al., 2013). The first strategy in case of selecting an HR employee should begin with preliminary screening, and in this round the selecting criteria must be based on the core competencies of a HR manager. In the second section, the selection strategy may include a written test that will judge the basic idea of the candidates about the job roles and requirements of a airline company HR manager and it may incorporate the intricate key requirements of an HR manager in a day to day activity in the airline industry (Kahungu, 2017). In the third strategy the actual interview session with the qualifying candidates may take place. In this step care should be taken to question the candidates with the most relevant knowledge regarding business process management and employee relation management in the airlines industry along with their ambition and aim in the airline industry (Griepentrog et al., 2012). The fourth selection strategy that the company can opt for is cultural fit selection, in this step the capability of the candidate to fit into the organizational culture of the company should be explored. It can be carried out by the means of a in-person questioning session, or it can be carried out by the means of hypothetical role playing activities where the candidates recruitment skills or conflict resolution skills are tested, and based on the performance of the candidate in the session the best deserving candidate should be selected for the HR manager position (Hawranik Pangman, 2016). Conclusion: It has to be understood that recruitment policies and procedures have a pivotal role in defining the performance standards that the corporate organization will be able to achieve. And as the employee recruitment, retention and overall management of employees depends on the competencies of an HR manager, any mistake in the hiring procedure for HR manager itself can lead to severely detrimental consequences for the organization. The recruitment and selection strategies discussed in the assignment has attempted to consider and include all the important aspects of the day to day job responsibilities of the HR manager and it can be hoped that these strategies can serve as efficient tools for recruiting an HR manager for Singapore airlines or any other relevant corporate organization. References: Broughton, A., Foley, B., Ledermaier, S., Cox, A. (2013). The use of social media in the recruitment process.Institute for Employment Studies, Brighton. Deeba, S. (2014). EmployeeS Satisfaction From Human Resource Management Practices In Airlines Industry In India: A Comparative Study Of Air India And Jet Airways.International Journal in Management and Socail Science,2(04), 1-21. Dhamija, P. (2012). E-recruitment: a roadmap towards e-human resource management.Researchers World,3(3), 33. Gatewood, R., Feild, H. S., Barrick, M. (2015).Human resource selection. Nelson Education. Griepentrog, B. K., Harold, C. M., Holtz, B. C., Klimoski, R. J., Marsh, S. M. (2012). Integrating social identity and the theory of planned behavior: Predicting withdrawal from an organizational recruitment process.Personnel Psychology,65(4), 723-753. Hawranik, P., Pangman, V. (2016). Recruitment of community-dwelling older adults for nursing research: A challenging process.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,33(4). Hossain, M. (2014). Employee perception about the recruitment and selection process of ACME group of industries Ltd. Kahungu, L. (2017). Human Resources Management Strategies. Personnel Management. Sarinah, S., Gultom, R. S., Thabah, A. A. (2017). The Effect of Recruitment and Employee Selection on Employee Placement and Its Impacts Towards Employee Performance at PT Sriwijaya Air.JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI LOGISTIK,3(1), 101-110. Schreiweis, B., Trinczek, B., Kpcke, F., Leusch, T., Majeed, R. W., Wenk, J., ... Prokosch, H. U. (2014). Comparison of electronic health record system functionalities to support the patient recruitment process in clinical trials.International journal of medical informatics,83(11), 860-868. Sengupta, N., Sengupta, M. (2014). Singapore Airlines: Gliding with People Excellence. Singapore Airlines Official Website | (2017). Singaporeair.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017, from https://www.singaporeair.com ?lusarczyk, B., Golnik, R. (2014). The recruitment process in transnational corporations.Polish Journal of Management Studies,10. Swider, B. W., Zimmerman, R. D., Barrick, M. R. (2015). Searching for the right fit: Development of applicant person-organization fit perceptions during the recruitment process.Journal of Applied Psychology,100(3), 880. Wirtz, J., Heracleous, L. (2016). Singapore Airlines: Managing Human Resources for Costeffective Service Excellence. InSERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy(pp. 695-703). Yang, D., Xinde, C. (2014). Innovation Research of Enterprise Human Resource Selection----The Selection of Southwest Airlines.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(7).

Strategic Management McDonalds

Introduction All businesses, irrespective of their industry, require strategies in order to be successful. High competition resulting from globalization and technological advancement has necessitated clear-cut strategies in order to survive. Strategic management has never been as important as it is today.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management: McDonald’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through strategic management, organizations are able to identify and implement the best practices to gain competitive advantage, increase profit margin and grow (Hubbard, Rice, and Beamish 2008). Fast food industry is one of rapidly growing and competitive industry. A company in this industry has to develop and implement successful business strategies in order to gain competitive advantage. In this report, a case study for McDonald’s is provided. The report reviews the strategies that McDonald’ s has adopted in order to maintain its global position in fast food industry. Organization Overview The McDonald’s has been in operation in food industry since 1954. The US based company operates a chain of fast food restaurants in more than 119 countries. Though initially established by McDonald’s brothers, McDonald’s success is attributed to its later owner: Ray Kroc. Over years McDonald’s has emerged to be a strong brand in the fast food industry. Most of its restaurants across the globe are operated as franchises. McDonald’s chain of restaurants is renowned for its uniform and standardized menu. McDonald’s menu across its chain mainly consists of burgers, milk shakes, French fries, sandwiches, Ice cream sundaes, vegetable salads and desserts (McDonald’s Corporation 2010). The menu however changes slightly from country to country depending on culture and customer taste. The company is renowned for its innovative products. Some of i ts successful products include Big Mac, Chicken McNuggets, Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Filet-O-Fish (McDonald’s Corporation 2010). McDonald’s main target for its products over years has been children and mothers. The company has therefore adapted its products and restaurants to its main target. Besides its ‘Happy Meals’, some of McDonald’s restaurants serve breakfast offering that include coffee, Egg Sandwiches, Sausage McMuffin, biscuit and hotcake. Though McDonald’s is generally successful, it has encountered various challenges along the way. High competition in fast food industry has been one of the main challenges in its global strategy. Apart from high competition, the company has been involved in controversies over its contribution to obesity. Increased health concerns especially in the US and UK has been a major concern to McDonald’s management.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we c an help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies McDonald’s has adopted various strategies in order to be successful in global fast food industry. Although McDonald’s is one of the most experienced companies in the fast food industry, established and upcoming companies have been a threat to its market share. Wendy’s is just one of the fast food companies that have been a threat to McDonald’s. Through adopting certain strategies, McDonalds have been able to withstand competition and increase its number of restaurants across the globe. Strategic management should define an organization’s position, its desired position in the future and actions to be taken in order to achieve the desired goal. Through its ‘plan to win’ global strategy, McDonald’s has been able to remain highly competitive despite of negative publicity over health concerns. Increased health concerns and negative publicity resulting from health related controversies have been a major challenge to McDonald’s (Wilsher 2010). To address this, McDonald’s has adapted various business strategies. To create a healthy image for itself, McDonald’s plan to do away with soft drinks and Super French fries. Besides, the company plans to make changes to its menu in order to reflect increases health concern. For instance cinnamon roll with a sausage burrito is considered to be the major breakfast offering in United Kingdom. McDonald’s has been able to establish a strong brand over years. With negative publicity resulting from health concerns, the company has increased its effort to protect its brand. â€Å"Be our customers’ favourite place and way to eat† is the company brand mission (Ganapathy 2009). To ensure the mission is achieved, the company has taken firm actions from improving products, customer service to promotion. The company has implemented a new cooking system aiming at improv ing quality of products served in its menu (Howard 1999). Restaurant dà ©cor to brand icon has been improved across the globe in order to ensure consistent image to its customers. In addition, McDonald’s has consistently increased its promotion effort through conventional channels as well as new technology such as the internet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management: McDonald’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Customer service is core to success in hotel and hospitality industry (Prakash and Olsen 2003; Tse and Jogaratnam 2008). McDonald’s has taken strategic actions to ensure high customer feel. Part of the strategies includes recruitment and training of right staff. McDonald’s staff is trained to treat customers with respect and maintain a smiling face while serving. High standard of hygiene is maintained including restaurants’ bathrooms. To show its concern f or environment, McDonald’s collects dropped burger wrappings and cups using its three-wheeled vehicle (Livesey 1999). Strategic Recommendations The principle objective of strategic management is to boost an organization’s competitive advantage. It enables the management to establish plans to address current and future needs of an organization (Thompson, Strickland and Gamble 2007; Carpenter, Sanders, Rice and Martin 2010). Fast food industry has attracted many players that try to address various customer needs. Most of these competitors exploit customers’ needs and concerns not well served in McDonald’s. McDonald’s therefore needs to put more effort to maintain its market share in the industry. Some of strategic actions that McDonald’s should take include: Enhance promotion and advertisement in order to overcome negative publicity Progressively expand its menu in order to accommodate increased customer needs and tastes, including health con cerns Invest more on product development in order to come up with competitive products for different cultures Conclusion Strategic management approach is a necessity in all industries in the global economy. Hotel and hospitality industry is one of the industries that most require strategic management. Companies in this industry must align their products and services to rapidly changing customer needs and taste. McDonald’s success in fast food industry can be attributed to its adherence to strategic management principles. The company is able to overcome its challenges by following clear-cut plans. Though clouded by controversy over health concerns, the company seems to maintain customer loyalty and still has high competitive advantage over other players in the industry. Reference List Carpenter M. A., Sanders W., Rice J. and Martin N., 2010, Strategic Management: A Dynamic Perspective, Concepts and Cases, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ganapathy, S., 2009, McDonald’s International Strategy: Squander Brand Equity? Web. Howard, T., 1999, The Over-Arching Strategy-McDonald’s Global Brand Strategy Task Force.  Web. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Beamish, P., 2008, Strategic Management Thinking Analysis, Action, Pearson, Sydney. Livesey, S., 1999, McDonald’s and the Environmental Defence Fund: A Case Study of a Green Alliance, The Journal of Business Communication, Vol. 36 McDonald’s Corporation 2010, Travel through Time with Us.  Web. Prakash, K. and Olsen, M., 2003, Strategic alliances: a hospitality industry perspective, International Journal of Hospitality Management Vol. 22, pp 419-434. Thompson, A., Strickland, A., and Gamble, J., 2007, Crafting and Executing Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York. Tse, E. and Jogaratnam, G., 2008, From the top down: strategic management in the Hospitality Industry, SAGE Handbook of Hospitality Management, SAGE London, pp165 – 191. Wilsher, S., 2010, Mc Donald’s in Hot Water over Marketing Tactics.  Web. This report on Strategic Management: McDonald’s was written and submitted by user Sunset Bain to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mary Douglas in Anthropology

Mary Douglas in Anthropology Introduction Mary Douglas is on record as being among the most brilliant and intellectually creative scholars of her time. For half a century she served the anthropology field with some of the most acclaimed pieces of cultural anthropology that have been used across the years as points of reference. The most prominent of her works is that of the biblical interpretation and criticism (Sheehan, 2005, p.16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Douglas in Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She spent enough time as a Hebrew bible scholar and therefore developed massive knowledge on the factual and theoretical aspects of the various books in the bible. She made it her personal objective to interrogate the bible and express it as a guide to modern civilization. This acted as her motivation to study and learn the Hebrew language (Douglas, 2004, p. 151). She delved further, to place the various religious specializ ations into a contrast of truths and falsehoods with the objective of creating a critical, humane, and sensitive coexistence between the various religions. She chose to expose this contrast from two main perspectives. The first is the perspective of an informed anthropologist who has a specific conception of the other religions through a balance of critical distance and cultural empathy. The second perspective is one of self-criticism of the western perception of religion. This in the end draws a line between the true, false and superstition in as far as religion is concerned (Fardon, 1999, p. 41). To achieve a concrete, humane, and sensitive deduction of biblical teaching she proposes that there is a need to step out of the biblical judgment of other religions and evaluate the biblical religion as it is (Berlin, 1997, p. 400). Mary Douglas as a successor of other important biblical studies scholars does not propose a new method to the study of the bible. She only presents a rather sophisticated and reflective approach to the development of a critical method of biblical studies that was proposed by earlier scholars. Notions of purity and danger The most prominent of her contributions to anthropology is her discussions on the notions of purity and danger. In her interpretation of purity and danger, she discusses the book of Leviticus and its prescriptions of good and evil and the relation between these native prescriptions and the modern civilized interpretation of the concept of good and evil (Fields, 1995, p. 23).Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She begins her argument from the point of pollution rules. She conceives pollution as a series of events that systematic and anticipated or planned. A pollutive idea is therefore a predetermined series of events following each other (Douglas, 1966, p.62). She exemplifies this argument by quoting the book of Leviticus and the specific abominations that are provided for in chapter 14. The chapter gives specific prescriptions of the animals that Christians should and should not eat (Douglas, 1975, p.262). She questions the notion and logic behind this prescription and puts to perspective the justifications behind these prescriptions. Just like Maimonides (1881, p. 55) she proposes the argument that religion is to a large extent symbol free. In specific respects to the dietary prescriptions in Leviticus, she suggests that they are not meant to be symbolic but rather ethical and disciplinary. This view is shared by Epstein (1959, p.24) in his popular history of Judaism where he mentions â€Å"Both sets of laws have a common aim †¦Holiness. While the positive precepts have been ordained for the cultivation of virtue and for the promotion of those finer qualities which distinguish the truly religious and ethical being, the negative precepts are defined to combat vice and suppress other evil tendencies and instances which stand athwart man’s striving towards holiness† (Epstein, 1959, p.24). She compares this view with that of Driver (1895, p. 35) who suggests that there is no specific principle that determines the demarcation between clean and unclean animals. This would be because there is bone that covers all the possible scenarios. This therefore, leaves the implication that it can only be a conglomerate of principle that can be said to form a reasonable basis of determining a clean from an unclean animal. She also makes reference to Jewish though that admits the complex nature of food restrictions. This is because god is perceived to be the creator of heaven and earth ands all that is in it. Moreover, by this mere fact he could not have created an unclean being. The thought resigns to the opinion that each restriction has its independent deep reasoning that can be practically or ideologically be explained. The thought proposes an example of moses in the biblical narration and his lack of provision for weasels and mice out of his consideration for them. They are on the other hand extremely destructive to the grains and crops in the field.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Douglas in Anthropology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In totality, the various proposed interpretations do not hold since there is a different interpretation that has been given for each animal. This also opens the door for many other interpretations of the same concept. She however tolerates a second alternative and more logical view. This approach suggests that the various restrictions that have been proposed by the book of Leviticus were intended to safeguard the Israelite tradition fro pollution and influence from other nations (Spinoza, 2007, p.7). They are therefore suggested as precautionary measures against foreign influence. This argument is further criticized on the basis tha t the Israelites are not known to have rejected all elements and values of foreigners. They cannot be said to have borne a sense of consistency in rejecting the participation of foreigners in to their traditions and cultures. Previous scholars who argue that the Israelites upon entry into Canaan adopted some of the Canaanite modes and styles of worship have disqualified this thesis. Through their interaction with the Canaanites over the years through a free economy that involved the exchange of social economic and even cultural heritages, they were wooed into the Canaanite modes and styles of worship. She summarizes the contrast and conflict between taboos, prohibitions and abomination into a single streamline of thought that clean or unclean is a single step towards being holy and righteous. Holiness in this context is to mean complete and compact into a singe entity. This therefore means that every interpretation of an individual animal has an ultimate finishing line of holiness. There can be not more than a single category of holiness and therefore tall other deity rules serve to motivate the metaphor of holiness in their various versions. It is from this basis, that she constructs her proposed argument and case for each individual animal that is mentioned in the book of Leviticus. She argues the case for and against the rules against and for the consumption of these animals. She takes keen interest in the cattle and the pig. She explains the difference between the cow and the wild beasts to be the fact that a cow has a covenant that the wild beast doesn’t.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pig on the other hand is fails to meet the fundamental basic prescriptions by the fact that it has no milk, hide, nor wool. It on the other hand passes for the requirement of a split hove such as that of a camel and antelope. She proposes that its initial exclusion was due to the fact that it failed as a wild boar. These two animals are considered, as the borderline cases since the rest are exquisitely clear and need no further interpretation. In conclusion she contends that the correctness or otherwise of the rules concerning diet among the Israelites are meant to act as motivators to the Israelites. They served as warning signs to every believer of the need to maintain a pure, whole and holy self in the likeness of God (Douglas 1975, p.20). Anthropological modernism Douglas has on several occasions been referred to as â€Å"a classical expression of British anthropological modernism† the modernism concept as originally conceived by Durkheim (1997, p. 80) in his theoreti cal sociology concept focuses on developing a practical model of functionalism. It gives specific attention to the extent to which social phenomenon cultivates coherence in society (Kuper, 1983, p. 36). Douglas revoked the exemption by Durkheim(1997, p. 80) of the western society from the anthropological analysis by putting values in the relationship between the individual’s thoughts practices comments and habits with the social environment in a rather unconscious intensity. From the above argument that she presents for and against the inclusion of certain rules and procedures there is a clear deduction that can be applies in the current asylum seekers situation in Australia. The Australian immigration policy has a mandatory detention system of treating asylum seekers in Australia (Parliament of Australia, 2009, p, 16). Those without a visa are mandatorily detained as they wait for their asylum situation to be decided (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2009 p, 12). A ccording to the Australian department of immigration, the number of detained immigrants stands at least 3200 people in the detention camps (O’Kane, 2003, p. 45). The greater majority of these spend up to a year before they can be notified of their immigration status and whether they can be allowed to stay in Australia. This has further been followed by incidences of assault and damage of property to the tune of more than 1200 reports within the detention centers (United Nations, 1951, P 56). The number of mental illness related reports has also been recorded as increasing mainly due to the health conditions of the detention camps that according to the United Nations have been considered as an insult to human dignity (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2009, P. 5) Clearly, there is a serious problem that needs urgent intervention through local and structural adjustments. Douglas addresses a concern such as this in the biblical dietary prohibition analysis. In specific reference, she engages the pig taboo in a modernism anthropological fashion and suggests that it is incorporated as part of a larger cultural system. The argument trends along the dictum that â€Å"when something is firmly classified as anomalous the outline of the set in which it is not a member is clarified†. It is at this level of the argument that she poses the question as to why the specific animals should constitute proper cuisine. This follows a question as to why the political asylum seekers should be given a fair chance at staying in Australia. The response Douglas’s initial question is that the animals specifically required as the proper and allowable cuisines were the same ones that were to be used as sacrifices with the further provision that those intended for sacrifice must be without blemish. In this same manner, every human being is entitled as a basic human right to asylum in any such country as well as the facilitation and provision of essential needs for their survival. The relation between the Israelites and God was evident in the similarity expressed by the dietary prohibition. In this same manner despite the existence of legal and jurisdictional differences, the government of Australia should give equal treatment to asylum seekers in the same manner as they give their citizens. As Douglas puts it, the rules of behavior are what hold the society in one piece. These rules are the basis of the formulation of meanings and therefore demystify concepts that would otherwise have been considered ungraspable. These rules are therefore considered as the specifications that provide analogies between states. In her discussion and interpretation of the book of Leviticus, the abominable pig is proposed as a rational superstition and a morally valid belief. It is considered as an act of human activity and interpretation of the various parameters and concepts that are involved in their every day activities and engagements. It represents a c ompromise between the cultural and religious of disorder coupled with the risk of disruption and disorder. These in totality can be summarized as being a single set of analogies with no central or converging end that in one way or another strike the balance between the moral and physical realms despite the imminent interrelations. The case of the old mandatory retention immigration policy therefore is justified by the existing balance of events and relative stability of society. The constant interpretation and state of affairs is however, stands to be questioned in as far as the effectiveness and utility are concerned. This therefore, forms the basis for the subsequent proposal that the moral and physical realms are in a state of imbalance arising from the lack of an effective compromise between the interests of the asylum seekers and the interests of the Australian government. The political deadlock can be likened to the cultural conflict in the second approach to the dietary prohi bition that sought to propose that the reason behind the dietary restriction was to protect the Israelites from external influence from foreigners. This provides not only a basis but also a starting point for the analysis of the various interests represented by the conflict between the interested parties in the government’s decision-making arm. The political parties like the clergy, priests and lawyers of the biblical ages are seeking to have a policy that is easy and fluid to expedite at the lease cost and involvement. It is for this reason that they have floated the offshore processing policy (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2010, p. 7). The easiest of options would be to process the asylum requests from an offshore stage to absolve these asylum seekers from the misery they face at the detention camps (Yoldi, 2007, pp 67). The other alternative that was not available to the early clergy and is not also available to the government is to ignore the entire asylu m issue and limit the legal provisions to refugees and non-immigrants. This would lead to some serious administrative and societal problems. However, just like the early clergy as analyzed by Douglas there is bound to be a conflict of ideas and opinions among the various participants. In this light, the coalition will always differ with the labor party. These are the normal balancing acts within any decision making branch of society and are therefore anticipated. The other related and affected parties are the citizens. Since 1976, there have been more than 25 000 asylum seekers who have docked on Australia’s shores (Phillips and Spinks, 2010. p 35). They bring equal benefits and consequences on the population as well as influence. There is a clear distinction between the various types of citizens just as there were the various animals in the biblical accounts in Leviticus. Douglas qualifies this argument by pointing out the fact that the Israelites did not maintain a strict o bservance of the tradition and rules and instead blended the Canaanite traditions and styles of worship with theirs. In this same spirit, the Australian government should consider their foreign policies and scrap the mandatory detention system of treating asylum seekers (Evans, 2009, p.12). This will go a long way in streamlining the state relations with other countries as well as reduce all the related costs in maintaining the asylum seekers in the detention centers (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2010, p. 3). Douglas made a progressive critical and constructive analysis of the biblical readings that has continued to gain relevance and application across the scholarly divide. Her discussion of the social practice of purity laws continues to inspire and give credence to the various legal reforms in Australia and beyond. References Berlin, I., 1997. â€Å"Herder and the Enlightenment,† in idem, The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays .New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 359. – 435, Department of Immigration and Citizenship (DIC). 2009. Annual Report 2008-09. Web. Available at immi.gov.au/about/reports/annual/2008-09/html/; see Section 1.2.2. Douglas, M.,1966. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Print Douglas, M., 1975. Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Print Douglas, M., 1975. â€Å"Deciphering a Meal,† in idem, Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Print Douglas. M., 2004. â€Å"Why I Have to Learn Hebrew: The Doctrine of Sanctification,† The Comity and Grace of Method: Essays in Honor of Edmund F. Perry, (eds) Chicago:Northwestern University Press, 151. Driver, R. S., 1895. International critical commentary on Holy Scriptures of the old and new testaments: Deutronomy. New York: Oxford university press Durkheim, É., 1997. The Division of Labor in Society. New York :Free Press, 72–147. Epstein, I.,1959., Judaism. London: standard art press Evans, C., 2009. Media Release: Opposition must come clean on Temporary Protection Visas. [Online] Available at chrisevans.alp.org.au/news/1009/immimediarelease30-02.php Fardon, R., 1999. Mary Douglas: An Intellectual Biography. London: Routledge. Fields, K. E.,1995. â€Å"Introduction,† in É. Durkheim, the Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. Fields. New York: Free Press, xxiii. Kuper, A., 1983. Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School 2nd ed.; London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 36. Maimonides, m.,1881. Guide to the perplexed. London. Trans. M. friedlander O’Kane, M., 2003. Refugee and Asylum Seeker Issues in Australia. Brunswick. Brotherhood of St Laurence Ecumenical Migration Centre. Parliament of Australia., 2009. Joint Standing Committee on Migration: Immigration Detention in Australia: Report 2. Web. Available at aph.gov.au/House/committee/mig/det ention/report2.htm Phillips, J. Spinks, H., 2010. Boat Arrivals in Australia since 1976. Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library. [Online] Available at aph.gov.au/library/pubs/bn/sp/BoatArrivals.htm. Sheehan, J., 2005.The Enlightenment Bible: Translation, Scholarship, Culture. Princeton. Princeton University Press, 21– 219. Spinoza, B., 2007.Theological-Political Treatise, ed. J. Israel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights., 2010. All in the same boat: The challenges of mixed migration. Web. Available at unhcr.org/pages/4a1d406060.html; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2010., Asylum Levels and Trends in Industrialized Countries 2009. Web. Available at unhcr.org.au/pdfs/AsylumReport2009.pdf; p. 7. United Nations, 195., Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Web. Available at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/refugees.htm; Yoldi, O. 2007. Life in Refuge Camps, NSW Service for the Treatment a nd Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors. Web. Available at startts.org.au/default.aspx?id=312

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