Is Celebrity Worshipping Destroying Our Society - 961 Words

Is Celebrity Worshiping Damaging to Our Society? We all have a favorite celebrity that we like and follow from time to time. But, when does admiration for a celebrity stop and adoration begin? Is it possible to be obsessed with someone you have never met? The answer is yes! Celebrity worship is a type of parasocial relationship, in which a person can become captivated with one or more celebrities. To the point where celebrity worship has become an obsession. Obsessions like this is similar to a type of delusional disorder, where the individual ends up believing they have a relationship with a celebrity. Why do some people worship celebrities, and what are the consequences of doing so? Also, what kind of effects does celebrity worshipping have on today’s youth? Is celebrity worshiping destroying our society? More so now than ever, we have become dangerously obsessed with celebrities, not only with celebrities, but with fame in it of itself. It has become easier to be allured by what is portrayed on television, since we are spending most of our free time watching it. A study in the British Journal of Psychology, showed no bias related to age or gender of celebrity worshipers...The test also showed no celebrity bias, indicating that Celebrity Worship applies equally to acting, music, sports, and other celebrities (2002, p 67). Celebrity Worship falls into two groups. The firs are more of a fan club type of following. While the second is more extreme, they follow

What is Corporate Responsibility Essay - 2045 Words

What is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that have strategic importance to companies. CSR has been defined as a company’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing long-term beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the general emphasis that businesses are not only responsible to generate economic returns for shareholders, but are also responsible to the environment and to other stakeholders. This is usually known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† – the company’s returns for investors, the environment and stakeholders (Markley,†¦show more content†¦This is the direct outcome of pride in the company’s practices and products (Hohnen and Potts, 2007). Also, staffs who perceive their company to be socially responsible will be more co mmitted to the company and out-perform those staffs who perceive a huge deal of irresponsibility. Besides, the company’s performance is likely to improve because employees see a socially responsible organization as a just organization and return this fairness through dedication and loyalty (Gross, 2011). Another advantage of doing CSR to companies is increased sales and market share. Consumers prefer to be associated with a firm that is ethical and has a positive image or in other words, does CSR. Various companies have become innovative and started to contribute a fair portion of their sales to certain cause. This has 2 fold advantages that is, it boost the brand image and helps in product differentiation and thus increases its sales (Soulace.in, 2014). Nevertheless, there are also undeniably, limitations of doing CSR. One of the limitations of doing CSR is that doing CSR does not necessarily pay or in other words the money companies put into doing CSR may not necessarily bring about calculable financial results. One of the reasons why CSR does not necessarily pay is because only some consumers know or care about the environmental or social records of firms. Practically all goods and services continue to be purchased by consumers onShow MoreRelatedWhat is Corporate Social Responsibility?5030 Words   |  21 PagesWHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? Corporate Social Responsibility has been evidently growing with Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. As said by William Jr. Ford, Chairman, Ford Motor Co. A good company delivers excellent products and services, and a great company does all that and strives to make the world a better place, therefore booking profits for yourself in such a manner that is socially, environmentally and ethically acceptable thereby leading to an overall positiveRead MoreWhat is Corporate Social Responsibility?2032 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that are strategically important to businesses. CSR can also be defined as a firm’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates in the long run (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the common emphas is that firms are not only responsible to generateRead MoreWhat Is Corporate Social Responsibility?1778 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is described in regards to the Japaneses Internet market, Yahoo Japan Corporation (the Company) along with its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates (the Yahoo Japan Group) to involve a full commitment on their part to the realization of an Internet environment that is characterized by safety, security and harmonious with the expectations and needs of society. P38) I. Safety and Security Characteristics Ensuring safety andRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to theRead MoreWhat ´s Corporate Social Responsibilities?579 Words   |  2 Pages1. Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is about how companies make profits in an ethical way. Coca-Cola has adhered to this principle and had removed a chemical ingredient(brominated vegetable oil BVO) from its drink, a chemical associated with memory loss. BVO is banned in several other countries but allowed by FDA is US. Due to an online petition, thousands have pressured Coca-Cola to remove it. Coca-Cola listened and removed BVO. The stakeholders – consumers are cared for as Coca-ColaRead MoreWhat Is Moore s View Of Corporate Social Responsibility1563 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Moore’s view of corporate social responsibility? After GM began to announce that the company will be closing it’s location in Flint, Michigan and will be moving down to Mexico the whole city of Flint began to deindustrialize. About half of Flint was left unemployed. Due to a lot of people losing jobs, primarily from the GM company, more and more people were being evicted from their houses and going on welfare. Because of the outsourcing it lead to Flint becoming deindustrialized. A lot ofRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: What Went Wrong at Glaxosmithkline?2532 Words   |  11 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility: What Went Wrong at GlaxoSmithKline? When London-based GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) paid a $750 million dollar settlement as part of a plea agreement that required it’s Cidra, Puerto Rico subsidiary SB Pharmco to plead guilty for knowingly selling contaminated medicine, it laid to rest any doubts that its business practices were in direct conflict with its commitment to both quality and to creating a strong ethical culture. There are, nevertheless, important issuesRead MoreTo What Extent Is Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance1245 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent is Corporate Social Responsibility beneficial to a company’s performance Corporate Social Responsibility is a philosophy that relates to a business being a part of the society, so acts in a way that not only advances its own firm but also serves the society as well. Good ethics is the cornerstone of sustainable development. In the long run, unethical behavior may harm customers and the society as a whole. Furthermore, it damages a company’s image, efficiency and effectivenessRead MoreTo What Extent Does Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance?1187 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent does Corporate Social Responsibility beneficial to a company’s performance? Hot debates were arose everywhere in the society about the extent of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Mallen Baker (2004) states that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Supporters of CSR claim that Businesses and Corporations are not only about making money especially for big business. They should show social responsibility, moralRead MoreTo what Extent is Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance?1078 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, there have been a growing number of companies that have an explicit Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan. As stated by European Commission (2001), CSR is defined as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.† It is believed that the motives for CSR are gradually converting from philanthropi c rationale to performance-driven orientation, but the question

The Woman Suffrage Movement Free Essays

The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage In the early twentieth century, Britain was experiencing a potentially revolutionary social and cultural change. The Woman Suffrage Movement was fighting to procure the vote for women. In the same period, in response to the concept of women voting, Almroth Edward Wright, an English physician, wrote â€Å" The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Suffrage Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Wright’s book, he refutes the Woman Suffrage Movement’s right-to-vote claim by arguing that woman suffrage would be pernicious to the state due to a woman’s inability to represent the physical force and prestige of the nation, a woman’s intellectual defects, and defective moral equipment. Furthermore, he illustrates that women’s rights activists may actually be hindering women with their demands that would ultimately result in women being placed in a far more disadvantageous position than they were before getting the vote. Wright begins by saying â€Å" The primordial argument against giving woman the vote is that that vote would not represent physical force†. Wright argues that the vote is a symbol of civility, law and order, and imbued with the spirit of a nation to ward off enemies both foreign and domestic. The introduction of a political co-partnership would likely lead to a degeneration of the British Empire into a weak and sickly shadow of its former self. The British Empire would likely exhibit the same symptoms of the latter stages of the Western Roman Empire that competitors would piecemeal steadily over time. The result would be that leadership to uphold law and control over British subjects and colonies would crumple leaving the door wide open for any other Imperial power to snatch the defenseless British holdings. As such, entrance of women voters would bring an end to the old and familiar Victorian England and usher forth a culturally different England that Wright considers a â€Å"social disaster. † It seems Wright believes that Britain would sustain a detrimental blow to its prestige in the eyes of their colonies and dominions as well as the world, if English women could vote. This means that women would inhibit the spirits and morale of the British armed forces and would introduce effeminate elements into the masculine dominated British Empire, turning it from â€Å"Old Jack† into a â€Å"Mary Ann. † In addition to these concerns, Wright illustrates that a woman’s intellectual defects are because of her minds inability to derive solutions with evidence, which results in an unreal picture of the external world. He also argues that a woman is constrained by her thought process. This is because a woman’s mind is linked to emotional reflex response center. Wright further explains that because of this link, women cannot give sound judgment and give a critical intellectual analysis without being under severe distress. As a result a woman’s mind gives in to congenial emotional responses that gives them gratification to which Wright points out, women’s minds can serve them only as a tool to comfort and gratify her with mental thoughts that are not too strenuous. Wright continues by illustrating that women and even intelligent women have all sorts of misconceptions about their abilities. Wright argues that women are delusional in believing that they are physically equal to men to any task. It is quite a grievous mistake that one would believe that women could perform physically strenuous jobs such as coal mining or heavy lifting on a day-to-day basis. Being mentally strain coupled with physical stress, Wright would say that emergencies of the job would be faced continually. It seems that Wright is saying that women overestimate themselves in comparison to men at physically demanding task that they wouldn’t be able to handle it long term. This would explain why emergencies would happen frequently because accidents would happen weekly if not a daily basis. For that reason, it is improbable to allow women to vote should they also demand to work in jobs that they are realistically incapable of performing over a long duration. This information would serve as ammunition for the industry heads and naysayers to argue that the economy is suffering due to low levels of efficiency and increase expenditure from the government to the DOLE to cover all these accidents; consequently the whole nation suffers. A third argument that Wright brings up is that women are equipped with defective morals. He explains that women are incapable of putting aside their own interest in favor of the good of the nation and only an uncommonly number of women are able to put aside their personal bias by voting in favor of something that benefits the nation. It seems he is alluding to the fact that women, when put to the vote would most likely vote for positions that would be favorable to anything that has to do her family and would consider anything else frivolous. The picture painted of women voters’ canvases an extremely selfish and self-absorbed group of people that would not only cause Britain’s foundation to splinter from blatant corruption but summarily result in execution of egregious acts that might as well kill king and country themselves. Wright continues his critique by saying , â€Å" There are no good women, but only women who have lived under the influence of good men. † Meaning that since women can only use morally defective equipment, women would be congenial creatures that would be easily swayed by their father, husband, or an influential man. And vote for whatever she has been persuaded to vote for which would consequently inflate propositions perhaps even passing legislation that would have otherwise fallen flat. Because of this he goes on to blatantly say that women, because of their domestic almost animal morality cannot be trusted with the vote for they would not be able to exercise diligently with the exception of a select few. Wright takes the Women’s Suffrage Movement’s claim of a right to the vote and presents it in an exaggerated way. He first explains that because there are more than three million women in England, these women experience sexual restrictions causing an inbred sense of hostility towards the opposite sex, which Wrights explains that the Suffrage Movement takes advantage these women so that they could achieve their ultimate goal of economic independence of women. However, to attain this goal, they want to have everything from the universities and jobs to every governmental positions open to them. He claims that they want a radical feminist revolution that throws the very nostalgic English traditions that have been set in stone for centuries out like yesterdays garbage. And replace it with an English egalitarian society that just might as well be a Communist or Fascist state. It’s interesting that Wright takes just the idea of women wanting to vote and morphs the idea in to women wanting to outright dismantle all the mores of society and remove all the distinctions between a man and a woman. But women later rebuke this argument by saying that they only want the vote, not a revolution and they are good mothers and wives who are raising the British citizens of tomorrow. Wright subtly carts in again the notion of equality for women. He explains that if the government gives in to the demands of women activist, the government would actually be doing a disservice to women in general. Women would have to compete with men for these highly skilled jobs and would most likely not be able to compete with men, which would increase the wealth gap between men and women. Consequently, this would leave women in a very disadvantageous position of being chronically poor and forced to take odds jobs to survive. Furthermore, women would likely lose their financial support from their husbands and/or fathers because women would now be economic equals to men therefore they must go and find jobs to support themselves. Another problem that Wright points out is that men and women have rarely worked in the same workspace before and with the introduction of equality of work in to mainstream society, the implications of whether or not men and women can work in intimate association raises serious questions. He continues to explain that before that even occurs, the intellectual immoralities and limitations of women including their sexual character would interrupt intellectual intercourse between men. Interestingly enough, he introduces various examples that synergies his argument. For example, when two men are having a stimulating intellectual conversation, an appearance of a woman in their proximity would put an end to their discussion. So the hypothesis here is that women being admitted in to male dominated intellectual societies and universities would undoubtedly suppress if not bring an end to a pipeline of intellectual growth. As a result, the proposal of bringing man and woman to work together not only is radical, it maybe detrimental to nation. Wright’s The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage† uses a lot of cynical language and seemingly logical explanations to refute women’s right to vote. At the beginning, Wright stabs the issue right in lungs and expounds why it is the way it is and that the vote of women can and will cause unnecessary burdens on the state and the very people trying to protect them. However, near the end of his piece, he begins to give a very consoling but backhanded compliment of women. It’s painted as if these changes are going to occur, it will undoubtedly cause more hardship for women and that’s why Wright and these naysayers are fighting so hard to protect these ignorant women from themselves. However, Wright’s arguments logical explanations would later succumb to the growing clamor for reform that would eventually culminate in women getting the vote in 1918. How to cite The Woman Suffrage Movement, Papers

The Theory of Wage Determination-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are hired by the Fair Work Commission Australia as a consultant to examine Issues relating to pay and Performance. Your task is to provide a report detailing findings from the economic literature on the effectiveness of pay for performance, and how performance should be evaluated based on Incentive pay. Answer: Introduction Employment is one of the most crucial issues of concern in every economy in the world. Employment structures prevailing in the economy contributes significantly in determining the standard of living, over all well being of the resident of the country and the overall economic growth of the same. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study about the key factors, which influence the employment sector of any economy, both, private as well as public (Meer West, 2015). One of such primary factors is the wage structure which prevails in the firms of an economy at a particular period of time as a significant share of the behavior of the workers and their willingness to work depend on the wage which they are getting which in turn also determine their overall economic well being and lifestyle. The wage structure prevailing in a firm also determines the productivity, prospects and the long run profitability of the firm as much of the prospects of a firm is related to the employees working in the firm and how loyal and willing to work they are. In this report, the aspect of wage structure will be taken into account, emphasizing on the issues related to pay for performance model (Fang Gerhart, 2012). The report aims to study the literatures present regarding this issue and its effectiveness, keeping into account the economic concept of Efficiency Wages and its implications on the performance of the workers. It also tries to analyze the basis of evaluation of the performance of the workers based on the incentives in payment, which they get in their jobs. There have been extensive assertions regarding the benefit of an equitable wage structure in the economy as the proponents of this theory suggests that equity in wage distribution ensures greater welfare of the people in the workforce in general. However, there are opinions against this theory as many of the contemporary economists and business planners propose a model of pay for performance. According to this model, a part of the incentives or wage structure of the employees should be determined by the level of productivity and performance of the employees. This, as asserted by them, gives the able employees to work more and increases their willingness to be productive and competitive in a fair way, which in turn may lead to an increased efficiency in the productive activities of the firms. This scope, however, is absent in the equitable wage theory (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). This theory of pay for performance is related to the economic concept of efficiency wage, which suggests that it may be beneficial for the firms to pay a higher wage to their workers. According to this theory, that can increase their loyalty, devotion and willingness to produce and therefore can increase the efficiency of the workers and the firms as a whole in the long run. However, there are debates regarding whether efficiency wage theory or the notion of pay for performance are actually profitable for the firms and if so till what extent the wages should be increased such that it increases the productivity of the workers without having any negative implications on the firms profit and prospects. The economic concept of the backward bending labor supply curve is similar to this notion (Thuy Flaaten, 2013). This theory suggests that there is a tradeoff between the labor hours and the time for leisure for the workers and if wages are increased above a certain level the willingness of the workers to work more actually reduces as the workers tend to substitute labor hours with more leisure. There are extensive literary works related to the different theories, propositions and counter propositions prevailing regarding the wage structure and the viability of the efficiency wage theories and pay for performance concept, which are discussed in the following section. Findings from the literatures Wage structure and differences in the same across geographical locations and with time have been issues of key concern as they have direct implications on the economic well being of people and a region as a whole. Over the years, with changes in the dynamics of the employment structure in the global framework, the wage structures of the firms have also undergone significant modifications to adapt with changing time. Several wage theories and models exist in the economy, which tries to propose different wage structures and also tries to explain their viability in the contemporary global employment scenario. Equitable wage distribution Lavoie Stockhammer, (2013), have put the advantages of an equitable distribution of wages forward. They assert that much of the existing inequalities and poverty related issues in the contemporary world can be attributed to the consistently increasing gaps in the wage structure of the labor force. The differences are mainly occurring due to dissimilarities in the nature of the jobs they are doing, the firms in which they are employed and the economic structure and overall societal and developmental patterns of the countries in which they are working (Leigh Blakely, 2016). According to the authors, the inequalities can be reduced by designing a more equitable wage distribution on part of the firms in the global economy. However, their propositions have been criticized on the ground of efficiency and overall productivity of the firms. Inequalities in wage distribution Mueller, Ouimet Simintzi, (2015) in their works, have tried to focus on the different wage theories, which exist in the contemporary economy. They try to counter the theory of equitable wage distribution. According to the authors, though the theory, discussed prior, apparently seems to be appealing in terms of overall societal welfare, in the real global employment scenario, there exits inequality in the distribution of wages and in many cases, there are logical and rightful reasons for the existence of such inequality in the wages of the workers. As per the arguments put forward by the authors, often there are inequality in the wage structure of the firms, which may be actually beneficial for the firms as well as the objectives of the workers, depending upon the structure of wage differences and the purpose for which they exist (Stewart, 2012). The authors also point out there several trends of inequality, which are very common in the international employment scenario. Wages for the routine jobs, which are more mechanical in nature, are comparatively less than the wages of those jobs in which there are more challenges and requirement for skills. The entry level wages offered by the large and more prospective firms, as argued by the authors, are generally less than the same offered in the start ups. Often this is done because the larger firms in exchange offer better career prospects for the workers and the employees often take the low paid jobs for getting this opportunity and in such cases, the inequalities do not hurt the workers. Pay for performance model One of the major arguments in favor of ethical inequality in wages is the pay for performance model (Frey, Homberg Osterloh, 2013). This wage structure, by providing opportunities to earn more by working more, gives incentives to the workers to increase their productivity, skills and willingness to work more, which in turn increases the overall productivity of the firms in the long run. There are many literatures supporting the pay for performance model as according to these literatures, this actually motivates the workers to excel in their works and the inequality, which is created by this structure, is because of the differences in the individual abilities of the workers and their willingness to trade off leisure for earning more by working more. This model is to a considerable extent similar to the economic concept of the efficiency wage theory, which is discussed, in the following sector, taking reference of the eminent literary works present in the contemporary economic scenari o. Efficiency wage theory As suggested by DiGabriele Ojo, (2017), the efficiency wage mechanism includes the practice of keeping the wage above the equilibrium market level, which in turn results in greater efficiency, even in the presence of surplus labor in the concerned country. The authors suggest that that along with labor union and minimum wage criterion, the presence of efficiency wage model also contributes to the unemployment in the country because all the three advocates for keeping the wages of the workers above the equilibrium level. However, the efficiency wage theory differs from the other two notions in the way that the latter two requires restrictions to be imposed on the firms whereas in the former does not require any restrictions and the firms do this to increase their own profitability. There are several arguments in favor of the efficiency wage theory, which shows the positive implications of higher wages on the improvement of the efficiency of the workers: Turnover of the workers One of the primary costs incurred by the firms, which also negatively contribute to the growth aspects of the firms as well as to the economic well being of the workers is the issue of turnover of the workers from the firms. As put forward by Weiss, (2014), there are direct relations between the turnover of the labor and the wages received by the labors. The turnovers are generally higher in those firms or industries in which there are not sufficient incentives, financial and others, for the workers in their existing jobs. The workers in general always have a cost benefit approach in deciding to stay in a job or leave. If there are sufficient incentives for good performance in any industry, then the turnovers are usually less, as the workers feel more loyal and motivated to do better, which in turn increases their monetary benefits and the long run prospects of the firms (Keeley, 2013). Health of the workers Some theories directly relate the wages received by the labors with their health conditions. Higher wages result in a more healthy diet for the workers, which in turn increases their health and productivity conditions and thus it may be preferable for the firms because a healthy, productive and loyal workforce increases the overall productivity and efficiency of the firms in the long run (Moore Viscusi, 2014). However, the author also points out the limitations of this proposition as diet and health are not that much related with the wage rates in the highly developed countries because the minimum wage levels in these countries usually are inclusive of all these facilities. Shirking of the workers Kwon, (2014), in his works, tries to relate the connectivity of the efforts given by the workers with the wages and incentives received by them. According to the author, in places where the nature of the jobs allows the workers to decide how much effort they want to give, presence of proper performance based incentives are necessary as in the absence of the same, the workers would lose the incentive to work hard. However, with higher wages and performance-based incentives, the workers feel motivated and the problem of shirking is to some extent solved. Motivation theory of effort of the labor Fabris (2013), shows the relation between the effort given by the workers and the wage they receive in a mathematical form. According to the author, the effort of the workers mainly depends on two factors, the relative wage the workers receive in the firm and the overall level of unemployment prevailing in the economy. The relation can be mathematically shown as follows: Ei = f(Wi/We, U), where, Wi is the wage the worker receive in the firm in which he is working, U is the level of unemployment prevailing in the economy Therefore, Wi/We shows the relative wage prevailing in the firm and if it increases then the effort given by the workers also increases, as per the propositions of this theory. From the above-discussed perspectives regarding the positive aspects of the existence of the efficiency wage proposition, it is evident that there are substantial support in favor of the efficiency wage theory and many of these points towards the efficiency and productivity aspects of the firms in the long run. However, there have been substantial debates regarding the applicability of this model, as there are several arguments against the model. Backward bending supply curve of labor The relation between the supply of labor and the wage rates existing is shown with the help of the labor supply curve. In an ideal world, labor is supposed to increase continually with the increase in the wage of the labor. However, as asserted by Wachtel (2013), in real case scenarios, the labor supply curve is not only dependant on the wage rate existing in the economy but also on the tradeoff between labor and leisure of the workers and their individual preferences. The author asserts that if the wages go on increasing continuously, then initially with the increase in the wage the workers will feel motivated to increase their working hours and work more, which may benefit the firms. However, after reaching a point, if the wages still go on rising, then the workers will tend to increase their leisure and for that they may also be ready to sacrifice a few labor hours as they are already earning higher wages. Figure 1: Backward bending supply curve of labor (Source: Mankiw, 2014) As can be seen from the above diagram, after reaching a certain wage level, the substitution effect of the increase in the wage of the labor becomes greater than the income effect of the same and therefore, the labors tend to substitute their labor hours with leisure hours. This theory therefore, challenges the pay for performance and the efficiency wage theories to some extent as according to this theory continuous increase in the wage rate may actually lead to a fall in the level of willingness to work on part of the workers. Empirical evidences In the above sections, two contradicting theories of the efficiency wages and the backward bending supply curve of labor are discussed in details. These two theories, however, need empirical evidences to support their viability and applicability in the real labor scenario in the international framework. The primary questions, which arise in this aspect, are firstly whether a positive link is associated between the unemployment and wage rate and secondly whether efficiency wage increases the labor productivity and the output of the firms. However, when it comes to Australia, McLachlan (2013), suggests that the hypothesis of efficiency wage does not have robust evidences in the country and the relation between unemployment and wage is also not proved as per the evidences that can be seen from the finding of the paper. The author links this weakness with the fluctuations in the business cycle in the industry. There are studies regarding the relationship between wage and motivation in the public sector of different countries. Taylor Taylor (2012), in their analysis took 15 countries in consideration and their studies show that there is lack of motivation in the public sector than in the private sector, even by monetary rewards. The study also shows that where the elasticity of effort with respect to wage is 0.21, the elasticity of motivation with respect to effort in the public sector is 0.61. However, the findings of Kumar, Webber and Perry (2012), finds that with one percent increase in wage is Australian manufacturing sector, the productivity increases from 0.5 percent to 0.8 percent. Conclusion As can be seen from the above discussion, there are several theories, which assert the importance of higher wage or efficiency wage in increasing the efforts and willingness of the workers and thereby increasing the productivity of the firms. From the empirical evidences its seen that there is a significant positive relationship between the higher wage and more productivity in the manufacturing sector of Australia. As per the literature, it can be concluded that efficiency wage is a viable tool to increase productivity, though in some cases, like that in the public sector, motivation works more effectively that increase in the wages to increase the productivity in Australia. References DiGabriele, J., Ojo, M. (2017). The efficiency wage hypothesis and the role of corporate governance in firm performance. Dunlop, J., Segrave, M. (2016).The theory of wage determination. Springer. Fabris, N. (2013). Efficiency-wage model.Sociologija,55(3), 461-474. Fang, M., Gerhart, B. (2012). Does pay for performance diminish intrinsic interest?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), 1176-1196. Frey, B. S., Homberg, F., Osterloh, M. (2013). Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), 949-972. Keeley, M. C. (2013).Labor supply and public policy: A critical review. Elsevier. Kumar, S., Webber, D. J., Perry, G. (2012). Real wages, inflation and labour productivity in Australia.Applied Economics,44(23), 2945-2954. Kwon, H. S. (2014). Economic theories of low-wage work.Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,24(1), 61-70. Lavoie, M., Stockhammer, E. (2013). Wage-led growth: Concept, theories and policies. InWage-led Growth(pp. 13-39). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. McLachlan, R. (2013). Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Meer, J., West, J. (2015). Effects of the minimum wage on employment dynamics.Journal of Human Resources. Moore, M. J., Viscusi, W. K. (2014).Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers' Compensation, and product liability. Princeton University Press. Mueller, H. M., Ouimet, P. P., Simintzi, E. (2015).Wage inequality and firm growth(No. w20876). National Bureau of Economic Research. Stewart, M. B. (2012). Wage inequality, minimum wage effects, and spillovers.Oxford Economic Papers,64(4), 616-634. Taylor, J., Taylor, R. (2011). Working hard for more money or working hard to make a difference? Efficiency wages, public service motivation, and effort.Review of Public Personnel Administration,31(1), 67-86. Thuy, P. T. T., Flaaten, O. (2013). The backward-bending supply curve in fisheries-revisited.Journal of Sustainable Development,6(6), 15. Wachtel, H. M. (2013).Labor and the Economy. Elsevier. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.