Is Celebrity Worshipping Destroying Our Society - 961 Words

Is Celebrity Worshiping Damaging to Our Society? We all have a favorite celebrity that we like and follow from time to time. But, when does admiration for a celebrity stop and adoration begin? Is it possible to be obsessed with someone you have never met? The answer is yes! Celebrity worship is a type of parasocial relationship, in which a person can become captivated with one or more celebrities. To the point where celebrity worship has become an obsession. Obsessions like this is similar to a type of delusional disorder, where the individual ends up believing they have a relationship with a celebrity. Why do some people worship celebrities, and what are the consequences of doing so? Also, what kind of effects does celebrity worshipping have on today’s youth? Is celebrity worshiping destroying our society? More so now than ever, we have become dangerously obsessed with celebrities, not only with celebrities, but with fame in it of itself. It has become easier to be allured by what is portrayed on television, since we are spending most of our free time watching it. A study in the British Journal of Psychology, showed no bias related to age or gender of celebrity worshipers...The test also showed no celebrity bias, indicating that Celebrity Worship applies equally to acting, music, sports, and other celebrities (2002, p 67). Celebrity Worship falls into two groups. The firs are more of a fan club type of following. While the second is more extreme, they follow

What is Corporate Responsibility Essay - 2045 Words

What is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that have strategic importance to companies. CSR has been defined as a company’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing long-term beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the general emphasis that businesses are not only responsible to generate economic returns for shareholders, but are also responsible to the environment and to other stakeholders. This is usually known as the â€Å"triple bottom line† – the company’s returns for investors, the environment and stakeholders (Markley,†¦show more content†¦This is the direct outcome of pride in the company’s practices and products (Hohnen and Potts, 2007). Also, staffs who perceive their company to be socially responsible will be more co mmitted to the company and out-perform those staffs who perceive a huge deal of irresponsibility. Besides, the company’s performance is likely to improve because employees see a socially responsible organization as a just organization and return this fairness through dedication and loyalty (Gross, 2011). Another advantage of doing CSR to companies is increased sales and market share. Consumers prefer to be associated with a firm that is ethical and has a positive image or in other words, does CSR. Various companies have become innovative and started to contribute a fair portion of their sales to certain cause. This has 2 fold advantages that is, it boost the brand image and helps in product differentiation and thus increases its sales (Soulace.in, 2014). Nevertheless, there are also undeniably, limitations of doing CSR. One of the limitations of doing CSR is that doing CSR does not necessarily pay or in other words the money companies put into doing CSR may not necessarily bring about calculable financial results. One of the reasons why CSR does not necessarily pay is because only some consumers know or care about the environmental or social records of firms. Practically all goods and services continue to be purchased by consumers onShow MoreRelatedWhat is Corporate Social Responsibility?5030 Words   |  21 PagesWHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY? Corporate Social Responsibility has been evidently growing with Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization. As said by William Jr. Ford, Chairman, Ford Motor Co. A good company delivers excellent products and services, and a great company does all that and strives to make the world a better place, therefore booking profits for yourself in such a manner that is socially, environmentally and ethically acceptable thereby leading to an overall positiveRead MoreWhat is Corporate Social Responsibility?2032 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is CSR? CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility indicates the actions or conducts that are strategically important to businesses. CSR can also be defined as a firm’s efforts or obligations in reducing and getting rid of any detrimental effects on the community and maximizing beneficial effects to the company and community in which it operates in the long run (Mohr et al, 2001, cited Trendafilova et al, 2013). CSR usually starts with the common emphas is that firms are not only responsible to generateRead MoreWhat Is Corporate Social Responsibility?1778 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility is described in regards to the Japaneses Internet market, Yahoo Japan Corporation (the Company) along with its consolidated subsidiaries and affiliates (the Yahoo Japan Group) to involve a full commitment on their part to the realization of an Internet environment that is characterized by safety, security and harmonious with the expectations and needs of society. P38) I. Safety and Security Characteristics Ensuring safety andRead MoreWhat Does Corporate Responsibility Mean1518 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean? Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company s effects on the environment and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.  Ã‚   Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve incurring short-term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to theRead MoreWhat ´s Corporate Social Responsibilities?579 Words   |  2 Pages1. Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is about how companies make profits in an ethical way. Coca-Cola has adhered to this principle and had removed a chemical ingredient(brominated vegetable oil BVO) from its drink, a chemical associated with memory loss. BVO is banned in several other countries but allowed by FDA is US. Due to an online petition, thousands have pressured Coca-Cola to remove it. Coca-Cola listened and removed BVO. The stakeholders – consumers are cared for as Coca-ColaRead MoreWhat Is Moore s View Of Corporate Social Responsibility1563 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Moore’s view of corporate social responsibility? After GM began to announce that the company will be closing it’s location in Flint, Michigan and will be moving down to Mexico the whole city of Flint began to deindustrialize. About half of Flint was left unemployed. Due to a lot of people losing jobs, primarily from the GM company, more and more people were being evicted from their houses and going on welfare. Because of the outsourcing it lead to Flint becoming deindustrialized. A lot ofRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: What Went Wrong at Glaxosmithkline?2532 Words   |  11 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility: What Went Wrong at GlaxoSmithKline? When London-based GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) paid a $750 million dollar settlement as part of a plea agreement that required it’s Cidra, Puerto Rico subsidiary SB Pharmco to plead guilty for knowingly selling contaminated medicine, it laid to rest any doubts that its business practices were in direct conflict with its commitment to both quality and to creating a strong ethical culture. There are, nevertheless, important issuesRead MoreTo What Extent Is Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance1245 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent is Corporate Social Responsibility beneficial to a company’s performance Corporate Social Responsibility is a philosophy that relates to a business being a part of the society, so acts in a way that not only advances its own firm but also serves the society as well. Good ethics is the cornerstone of sustainable development. In the long run, unethical behavior may harm customers and the society as a whole. Furthermore, it damages a company’s image, efficiency and effectivenessRead MoreTo What Extent Does Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance?1187 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent does Corporate Social Responsibility beneficial to a company’s performance? Hot debates were arose everywhere in the society about the extent of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Mallen Baker (2004) states that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Supporters of CSR claim that Businesses and Corporations are not only about making money especially for big business. They should show social responsibility, moralRead MoreTo what Extent is Corporate Social Responsibility Beneficial to a Company’s Performance?1078 Words   |  5 PagesIn recent years, there have been a growing number of companies that have an explicit Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) plan. As stated by European Commission (2001), CSR is defined as â€Å"a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.† It is believed that the motives for CSR are gradually converting from philanthropi c rationale to performance-driven orientation, but the question

The Woman Suffrage Movement Free Essays

The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage In the early twentieth century, Britain was experiencing a potentially revolutionary social and cultural change. The Woman Suffrage Movement was fighting to procure the vote for women. In the same period, in response to the concept of women voting, Almroth Edward Wright, an English physician, wrote â€Å" The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Suffrage Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Wright’s book, he refutes the Woman Suffrage Movement’s right-to-vote claim by arguing that woman suffrage would be pernicious to the state due to a woman’s inability to represent the physical force and prestige of the nation, a woman’s intellectual defects, and defective moral equipment. Furthermore, he illustrates that women’s rights activists may actually be hindering women with their demands that would ultimately result in women being placed in a far more disadvantageous position than they were before getting the vote. Wright begins by saying â€Å" The primordial argument against giving woman the vote is that that vote would not represent physical force†. Wright argues that the vote is a symbol of civility, law and order, and imbued with the spirit of a nation to ward off enemies both foreign and domestic. The introduction of a political co-partnership would likely lead to a degeneration of the British Empire into a weak and sickly shadow of its former self. The British Empire would likely exhibit the same symptoms of the latter stages of the Western Roman Empire that competitors would piecemeal steadily over time. The result would be that leadership to uphold law and control over British subjects and colonies would crumple leaving the door wide open for any other Imperial power to snatch the defenseless British holdings. As such, entrance of women voters would bring an end to the old and familiar Victorian England and usher forth a culturally different England that Wright considers a â€Å"social disaster. † It seems Wright believes that Britain would sustain a detrimental blow to its prestige in the eyes of their colonies and dominions as well as the world, if English women could vote. This means that women would inhibit the spirits and morale of the British armed forces and would introduce effeminate elements into the masculine dominated British Empire, turning it from â€Å"Old Jack† into a â€Å"Mary Ann. † In addition to these concerns, Wright illustrates that a woman’s intellectual defects are because of her minds inability to derive solutions with evidence, which results in an unreal picture of the external world. He also argues that a woman is constrained by her thought process. This is because a woman’s mind is linked to emotional reflex response center. Wright further explains that because of this link, women cannot give sound judgment and give a critical intellectual analysis without being under severe distress. As a result a woman’s mind gives in to congenial emotional responses that gives them gratification to which Wright points out, women’s minds can serve them only as a tool to comfort and gratify her with mental thoughts that are not too strenuous. Wright continues by illustrating that women and even intelligent women have all sorts of misconceptions about their abilities. Wright argues that women are delusional in believing that they are physically equal to men to any task. It is quite a grievous mistake that one would believe that women could perform physically strenuous jobs such as coal mining or heavy lifting on a day-to-day basis. Being mentally strain coupled with physical stress, Wright would say that emergencies of the job would be faced continually. It seems that Wright is saying that women overestimate themselves in comparison to men at physically demanding task that they wouldn’t be able to handle it long term. This would explain why emergencies would happen frequently because accidents would happen weekly if not a daily basis. For that reason, it is improbable to allow women to vote should they also demand to work in jobs that they are realistically incapable of performing over a long duration. This information would serve as ammunition for the industry heads and naysayers to argue that the economy is suffering due to low levels of efficiency and increase expenditure from the government to the DOLE to cover all these accidents; consequently the whole nation suffers. A third argument that Wright brings up is that women are equipped with defective morals. He explains that women are incapable of putting aside their own interest in favor of the good of the nation and only an uncommonly number of women are able to put aside their personal bias by voting in favor of something that benefits the nation. It seems he is alluding to the fact that women, when put to the vote would most likely vote for positions that would be favorable to anything that has to do her family and would consider anything else frivolous. The picture painted of women voters’ canvases an extremely selfish and self-absorbed group of people that would not only cause Britain’s foundation to splinter from blatant corruption but summarily result in execution of egregious acts that might as well kill king and country themselves. Wright continues his critique by saying , â€Å" There are no good women, but only women who have lived under the influence of good men. † Meaning that since women can only use morally defective equipment, women would be congenial creatures that would be easily swayed by their father, husband, or an influential man. And vote for whatever she has been persuaded to vote for which would consequently inflate propositions perhaps even passing legislation that would have otherwise fallen flat. Because of this he goes on to blatantly say that women, because of their domestic almost animal morality cannot be trusted with the vote for they would not be able to exercise diligently with the exception of a select few. Wright takes the Women’s Suffrage Movement’s claim of a right to the vote and presents it in an exaggerated way. He first explains that because there are more than three million women in England, these women experience sexual restrictions causing an inbred sense of hostility towards the opposite sex, which Wrights explains that the Suffrage Movement takes advantage these women so that they could achieve their ultimate goal of economic independence of women. However, to attain this goal, they want to have everything from the universities and jobs to every governmental positions open to them. He claims that they want a radical feminist revolution that throws the very nostalgic English traditions that have been set in stone for centuries out like yesterdays garbage. And replace it with an English egalitarian society that just might as well be a Communist or Fascist state. It’s interesting that Wright takes just the idea of women wanting to vote and morphs the idea in to women wanting to outright dismantle all the mores of society and remove all the distinctions between a man and a woman. But women later rebuke this argument by saying that they only want the vote, not a revolution and they are good mothers and wives who are raising the British citizens of tomorrow. Wright subtly carts in again the notion of equality for women. He explains that if the government gives in to the demands of women activist, the government would actually be doing a disservice to women in general. Women would have to compete with men for these highly skilled jobs and would most likely not be able to compete with men, which would increase the wealth gap between men and women. Consequently, this would leave women in a very disadvantageous position of being chronically poor and forced to take odds jobs to survive. Furthermore, women would likely lose their financial support from their husbands and/or fathers because women would now be economic equals to men therefore they must go and find jobs to support themselves. Another problem that Wright points out is that men and women have rarely worked in the same workspace before and with the introduction of equality of work in to mainstream society, the implications of whether or not men and women can work in intimate association raises serious questions. He continues to explain that before that even occurs, the intellectual immoralities and limitations of women including their sexual character would interrupt intellectual intercourse between men. Interestingly enough, he introduces various examples that synergies his argument. For example, when two men are having a stimulating intellectual conversation, an appearance of a woman in their proximity would put an end to their discussion. So the hypothesis here is that women being admitted in to male dominated intellectual societies and universities would undoubtedly suppress if not bring an end to a pipeline of intellectual growth. As a result, the proposal of bringing man and woman to work together not only is radical, it maybe detrimental to nation. Wright’s The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage† uses a lot of cynical language and seemingly logical explanations to refute women’s right to vote. At the beginning, Wright stabs the issue right in lungs and expounds why it is the way it is and that the vote of women can and will cause unnecessary burdens on the state and the very people trying to protect them. However, near the end of his piece, he begins to give a very consoling but backhanded compliment of women. It’s painted as if these changes are going to occur, it will undoubtedly cause more hardship for women and that’s why Wright and these naysayers are fighting so hard to protect these ignorant women from themselves. However, Wright’s arguments logical explanations would later succumb to the growing clamor for reform that would eventually culminate in women getting the vote in 1918. How to cite The Woman Suffrage Movement, Papers

The Theory of Wage Determination-Free-Samples Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are hired by the Fair Work Commission Australia as a consultant to examine Issues relating to pay and Performance. Your task is to provide a report detailing findings from the economic literature on the effectiveness of pay for performance, and how performance should be evaluated based on Incentive pay. Answer: Introduction Employment is one of the most crucial issues of concern in every economy in the world. Employment structures prevailing in the economy contributes significantly in determining the standard of living, over all well being of the resident of the country and the overall economic growth of the same. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study about the key factors, which influence the employment sector of any economy, both, private as well as public (Meer West, 2015). One of such primary factors is the wage structure which prevails in the firms of an economy at a particular period of time as a significant share of the behavior of the workers and their willingness to work depend on the wage which they are getting which in turn also determine their overall economic well being and lifestyle. The wage structure prevailing in a firm also determines the productivity, prospects and the long run profitability of the firm as much of the prospects of a firm is related to the employees working in the firm and how loyal and willing to work they are. In this report, the aspect of wage structure will be taken into account, emphasizing on the issues related to pay for performance model (Fang Gerhart, 2012). The report aims to study the literatures present regarding this issue and its effectiveness, keeping into account the economic concept of Efficiency Wages and its implications on the performance of the workers. It also tries to analyze the basis of evaluation of the performance of the workers based on the incentives in payment, which they get in their jobs. There have been extensive assertions regarding the benefit of an equitable wage structure in the economy as the proponents of this theory suggests that equity in wage distribution ensures greater welfare of the people in the workforce in general. However, there are opinions against this theory as many of the contemporary economists and business planners propose a model of pay for performance. According to this model, a part of the incentives or wage structure of the employees should be determined by the level of productivity and performance of the employees. This, as asserted by them, gives the able employees to work more and increases their willingness to be productive and competitive in a fair way, which in turn may lead to an increased efficiency in the productive activities of the firms. This scope, however, is absent in the equitable wage theory (Dunlop Segrave, 2016). This theory of pay for performance is related to the economic concept of efficiency wage, which suggests that it may be beneficial for the firms to pay a higher wage to their workers. According to this theory, that can increase their loyalty, devotion and willingness to produce and therefore can increase the efficiency of the workers and the firms as a whole in the long run. However, there are debates regarding whether efficiency wage theory or the notion of pay for performance are actually profitable for the firms and if so till what extent the wages should be increased such that it increases the productivity of the workers without having any negative implications on the firms profit and prospects. The economic concept of the backward bending labor supply curve is similar to this notion (Thuy Flaaten, 2013). This theory suggests that there is a tradeoff between the labor hours and the time for leisure for the workers and if wages are increased above a certain level the willingness of the workers to work more actually reduces as the workers tend to substitute labor hours with more leisure. There are extensive literary works related to the different theories, propositions and counter propositions prevailing regarding the wage structure and the viability of the efficiency wage theories and pay for performance concept, which are discussed in the following section. Findings from the literatures Wage structure and differences in the same across geographical locations and with time have been issues of key concern as they have direct implications on the economic well being of people and a region as a whole. Over the years, with changes in the dynamics of the employment structure in the global framework, the wage structures of the firms have also undergone significant modifications to adapt with changing time. Several wage theories and models exist in the economy, which tries to propose different wage structures and also tries to explain their viability in the contemporary global employment scenario. Equitable wage distribution Lavoie Stockhammer, (2013), have put the advantages of an equitable distribution of wages forward. They assert that much of the existing inequalities and poverty related issues in the contemporary world can be attributed to the consistently increasing gaps in the wage structure of the labor force. The differences are mainly occurring due to dissimilarities in the nature of the jobs they are doing, the firms in which they are employed and the economic structure and overall societal and developmental patterns of the countries in which they are working (Leigh Blakely, 2016). According to the authors, the inequalities can be reduced by designing a more equitable wage distribution on part of the firms in the global economy. However, their propositions have been criticized on the ground of efficiency and overall productivity of the firms. Inequalities in wage distribution Mueller, Ouimet Simintzi, (2015) in their works, have tried to focus on the different wage theories, which exist in the contemporary economy. They try to counter the theory of equitable wage distribution. According to the authors, though the theory, discussed prior, apparently seems to be appealing in terms of overall societal welfare, in the real global employment scenario, there exits inequality in the distribution of wages and in many cases, there are logical and rightful reasons for the existence of such inequality in the wages of the workers. As per the arguments put forward by the authors, often there are inequality in the wage structure of the firms, which may be actually beneficial for the firms as well as the objectives of the workers, depending upon the structure of wage differences and the purpose for which they exist (Stewart, 2012). The authors also point out there several trends of inequality, which are very common in the international employment scenario. Wages for the routine jobs, which are more mechanical in nature, are comparatively less than the wages of those jobs in which there are more challenges and requirement for skills. The entry level wages offered by the large and more prospective firms, as argued by the authors, are generally less than the same offered in the start ups. Often this is done because the larger firms in exchange offer better career prospects for the workers and the employees often take the low paid jobs for getting this opportunity and in such cases, the inequalities do not hurt the workers. Pay for performance model One of the major arguments in favor of ethical inequality in wages is the pay for performance model (Frey, Homberg Osterloh, 2013). This wage structure, by providing opportunities to earn more by working more, gives incentives to the workers to increase their productivity, skills and willingness to work more, which in turn increases the overall productivity of the firms in the long run. There are many literatures supporting the pay for performance model as according to these literatures, this actually motivates the workers to excel in their works and the inequality, which is created by this structure, is because of the differences in the individual abilities of the workers and their willingness to trade off leisure for earning more by working more. This model is to a considerable extent similar to the economic concept of the efficiency wage theory, which is discussed, in the following sector, taking reference of the eminent literary works present in the contemporary economic scenari o. Efficiency wage theory As suggested by DiGabriele Ojo, (2017), the efficiency wage mechanism includes the practice of keeping the wage above the equilibrium market level, which in turn results in greater efficiency, even in the presence of surplus labor in the concerned country. The authors suggest that that along with labor union and minimum wage criterion, the presence of efficiency wage model also contributes to the unemployment in the country because all the three advocates for keeping the wages of the workers above the equilibrium level. However, the efficiency wage theory differs from the other two notions in the way that the latter two requires restrictions to be imposed on the firms whereas in the former does not require any restrictions and the firms do this to increase their own profitability. There are several arguments in favor of the efficiency wage theory, which shows the positive implications of higher wages on the improvement of the efficiency of the workers: Turnover of the workers One of the primary costs incurred by the firms, which also negatively contribute to the growth aspects of the firms as well as to the economic well being of the workers is the issue of turnover of the workers from the firms. As put forward by Weiss, (2014), there are direct relations between the turnover of the labor and the wages received by the labors. The turnovers are generally higher in those firms or industries in which there are not sufficient incentives, financial and others, for the workers in their existing jobs. The workers in general always have a cost benefit approach in deciding to stay in a job or leave. If there are sufficient incentives for good performance in any industry, then the turnovers are usually less, as the workers feel more loyal and motivated to do better, which in turn increases their monetary benefits and the long run prospects of the firms (Keeley, 2013). Health of the workers Some theories directly relate the wages received by the labors with their health conditions. Higher wages result in a more healthy diet for the workers, which in turn increases their health and productivity conditions and thus it may be preferable for the firms because a healthy, productive and loyal workforce increases the overall productivity and efficiency of the firms in the long run (Moore Viscusi, 2014). However, the author also points out the limitations of this proposition as diet and health are not that much related with the wage rates in the highly developed countries because the minimum wage levels in these countries usually are inclusive of all these facilities. Shirking of the workers Kwon, (2014), in his works, tries to relate the connectivity of the efforts given by the workers with the wages and incentives received by them. According to the author, in places where the nature of the jobs allows the workers to decide how much effort they want to give, presence of proper performance based incentives are necessary as in the absence of the same, the workers would lose the incentive to work hard. However, with higher wages and performance-based incentives, the workers feel motivated and the problem of shirking is to some extent solved. Motivation theory of effort of the labor Fabris (2013), shows the relation between the effort given by the workers and the wage they receive in a mathematical form. According to the author, the effort of the workers mainly depends on two factors, the relative wage the workers receive in the firm and the overall level of unemployment prevailing in the economy. The relation can be mathematically shown as follows: Ei = f(Wi/We, U), where, Wi is the wage the worker receive in the firm in which he is working, U is the level of unemployment prevailing in the economy Therefore, Wi/We shows the relative wage prevailing in the firm and if it increases then the effort given by the workers also increases, as per the propositions of this theory. From the above-discussed perspectives regarding the positive aspects of the existence of the efficiency wage proposition, it is evident that there are substantial support in favor of the efficiency wage theory and many of these points towards the efficiency and productivity aspects of the firms in the long run. However, there have been substantial debates regarding the applicability of this model, as there are several arguments against the model. Backward bending supply curve of labor The relation between the supply of labor and the wage rates existing is shown with the help of the labor supply curve. In an ideal world, labor is supposed to increase continually with the increase in the wage of the labor. However, as asserted by Wachtel (2013), in real case scenarios, the labor supply curve is not only dependant on the wage rate existing in the economy but also on the tradeoff between labor and leisure of the workers and their individual preferences. The author asserts that if the wages go on increasing continuously, then initially with the increase in the wage the workers will feel motivated to increase their working hours and work more, which may benefit the firms. However, after reaching a point, if the wages still go on rising, then the workers will tend to increase their leisure and for that they may also be ready to sacrifice a few labor hours as they are already earning higher wages. Figure 1: Backward bending supply curve of labor (Source: Mankiw, 2014) As can be seen from the above diagram, after reaching a certain wage level, the substitution effect of the increase in the wage of the labor becomes greater than the income effect of the same and therefore, the labors tend to substitute their labor hours with leisure hours. This theory therefore, challenges the pay for performance and the efficiency wage theories to some extent as according to this theory continuous increase in the wage rate may actually lead to a fall in the level of willingness to work on part of the workers. Empirical evidences In the above sections, two contradicting theories of the efficiency wages and the backward bending supply curve of labor are discussed in details. These two theories, however, need empirical evidences to support their viability and applicability in the real labor scenario in the international framework. The primary questions, which arise in this aspect, are firstly whether a positive link is associated between the unemployment and wage rate and secondly whether efficiency wage increases the labor productivity and the output of the firms. However, when it comes to Australia, McLachlan (2013), suggests that the hypothesis of efficiency wage does not have robust evidences in the country and the relation between unemployment and wage is also not proved as per the evidences that can be seen from the finding of the paper. The author links this weakness with the fluctuations in the business cycle in the industry. There are studies regarding the relationship between wage and motivation in the public sector of different countries. Taylor Taylor (2012), in their analysis took 15 countries in consideration and their studies show that there is lack of motivation in the public sector than in the private sector, even by monetary rewards. The study also shows that where the elasticity of effort with respect to wage is 0.21, the elasticity of motivation with respect to effort in the public sector is 0.61. However, the findings of Kumar, Webber and Perry (2012), finds that with one percent increase in wage is Australian manufacturing sector, the productivity increases from 0.5 percent to 0.8 percent. Conclusion As can be seen from the above discussion, there are several theories, which assert the importance of higher wage or efficiency wage in increasing the efforts and willingness of the workers and thereby increasing the productivity of the firms. From the empirical evidences its seen that there is a significant positive relationship between the higher wage and more productivity in the manufacturing sector of Australia. As per the literature, it can be concluded that efficiency wage is a viable tool to increase productivity, though in some cases, like that in the public sector, motivation works more effectively that increase in the wages to increase the productivity in Australia. References DiGabriele, J., Ojo, M. (2017). The efficiency wage hypothesis and the role of corporate governance in firm performance. Dunlop, J., Segrave, M. (2016).The theory of wage determination. Springer. Fabris, N. (2013). Efficiency-wage model.Sociologija,55(3), 461-474. Fang, M., Gerhart, B. (2012). Does pay for performance diminish intrinsic interest?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(6), 1176-1196. Frey, B. S., Homberg, F., Osterloh, M. (2013). Organizational control systems and pay-for-performance in the public service.Organization Studies,34(7), 949-972. Keeley, M. C. (2013).Labor supply and public policy: A critical review. Elsevier. Kumar, S., Webber, D. J., Perry, G. (2012). Real wages, inflation and labour productivity in Australia.Applied Economics,44(23), 2945-2954. Kwon, H. S. (2014). Economic theories of low-wage work.Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment,24(1), 61-70. Lavoie, M., Stockhammer, E. (2013). Wage-led growth: Concept, theories and policies. InWage-led Growth(pp. 13-39). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Leigh, N. G., Blakely, E. J. (2016).Planning local economic development: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Mankiw, N. G. (2014).Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. McLachlan, R. (2013). Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Meer, J., West, J. (2015). Effects of the minimum wage on employment dynamics.Journal of Human Resources. Moore, M. J., Viscusi, W. K. (2014).Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers' Compensation, and product liability. Princeton University Press. Mueller, H. M., Ouimet, P. P., Simintzi, E. (2015).Wage inequality and firm growth(No. w20876). National Bureau of Economic Research. Stewart, M. B. (2012). Wage inequality, minimum wage effects, and spillovers.Oxford Economic Papers,64(4), 616-634. Taylor, J., Taylor, R. (2011). Working hard for more money or working hard to make a difference? Efficiency wages, public service motivation, and effort.Review of Public Personnel Administration,31(1), 67-86. Thuy, P. T. T., Flaaten, O. (2013). The backward-bending supply curve in fisheries-revisited.Journal of Sustainable Development,6(6), 15. Wachtel, H. M. (2013).Labor and the Economy. Elsevier. Weiss, A. (2014).Efficiency wages: Models of unemployment, layoffs, and wage dispersion. Princeton University Press.

Balancing Culture and Growth at Starbucks Essay Sample free essay sample

Starbucks. which is one of the most good known companies that succeeded in distributing its trade name across the Earth created its ain cosy environment and maximized gross revenues due to its apprehension of the organisational civilization and its possible growing. The instance survey explores how Howard Schultz created civilization of the organisation based on the values of the company and sharing common intents within the employees of ego regard. ego regard. and grasp. Culture of Starbucks supported its scheme because he maintained a manner of life that was based on the end of making. The civilization of Starbucks supports its scheme by constructing a strong organisational civilization of keeping employees’ long-run behaviour and set uping a manner of life within its organisational values. In add-on. Schultz reflected the clear end of Starbucks by making a partnership between both the employees and the clients which finally increased profitableness within the organisation a nd subsequently. We will write a custom essay sample on Balancing Culture and Growth at Starbucks Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page maintained the intent of Starbuck by developing a scheme that is good planned and managed. Furthermore. the instance demonstrates how rapid growing is non ever to the benefit of the company ; as it undermined Starbucks’s civilization due to rush and service. Doing so. it accordingly led to a technological alteration within the organisational civilization that diminished Starbucks’ relaxed coz environment. However. for Starbucks to keep its civilization while accomplishing desirable degrees of growing ; Schultz will hold to make a balance between keeping the traditional manner of doing java and at the same clip to present little technological alterations that would intern keep Starbuck’s civilization. Furthermore. conveying in developing plans that would assist the employees to pass on with one another and with the clients to supply a superior client service in order well-build and continue the civilization. Taking into history making so. this would assist to increase growing and better Starbucks in order to prolong outstanding public presentation. Personality as classified in footings of a psychologist is a aggregation of both a quite lasting and stable traits. We could qualify a individual as advanced. affectionate. and smart ; making so. we are telling personality traits. An organisation has a personality excessively. which is so called the â€Å"Organizational Culture. † Organizational Culture is defined as â€Å"the common and shared values and premises that help determine employee behaviour and are typically passed down from current to future employees† ( Spector. 2010. p. 166 ) . A company’s or organisational employees are the 1s who are responsible of making the organisational civilization that consists of their values and contributed behaviours. For illustration. holding a cup of java every forenoon before traveling to work has become an adaptative wont of a norm within the civilization in the universe of concern within the American concern civilization. Associating this illustration to the instance survey on Starbucks ; Schultz was able to keep a specific system of corporate significance within the organisation that establishes how employees act and how it’s a topographic point for the clients to experience like they belong ( parag. 7 ) . Harmonizing to Spector. he mentioned that profitable companies are due to their back uping systems within the organisations and how good an adaptative environment can be sustained that would finally take to high degree of public presentation ( 165 ) . Schultz created a back uping system of passion and committedness to Starbucks. its employees and clients and was able to prolong this cosy clime throughout the full organisation. Harmonizing to Spector. values are â€Å"the held beliefs refering such cardinal forms as the nature of people and relationships. the comparative importance of multiple stakeholders. orientations toward clip and infinite. the regulation of work in one’s life. a nd the rightness and public-service corporation and control mechanism† ( p. 167 ) . Certain values reflect the end and the intent of Starbucks as interrelated set of values become a major facet within an organisation. and subsequently. those shared values come to organize forms of behaviour. The shared values of Starbucks that have been determined by its employees are cardinal and indispensable to its civilization and growing. Harmonizing to the Case survey. â€Å"Balancing Culture and Growth at Starbucks† Schultz insisted that â€Å"We’re profitable because of the value system of our company† ( parag. 7 ) . Some of the most elements that were included in Schultz adaptative civilization were valuing multiple stockholders. valuing the developmental potency of employees. valuing outstanding public presentation. and valuing employees’ engagement. All of the above supports version and ease the nidation of alterations as portion of Starbucks cardinal values. Schultz was able to value multiple stockholders due to paying attending to both the clients and the employees as finally Starbucks strive to execute good financially over clip. Furthermore. his leading was to actuate his employees through ego regard. grasp. and self regard as this identifies va luing the development potency of employees. That’s why the employees were working as a household which finally led to run intoing Schultz outlooks. Therefore. he was a theory Y director that beliefs to back up his employees and they would larn more if they carry duty and become independent. He besides believed that creativeness is of import for coming up with solutions to the jobs that the organisation faced. To farther back up our statement. Schultz stated to â€Å"Push for invention and do the things necessary to one time once more differentiate Starbucks from all others† ( 183 ) . Schultz didn’t expression for modest public presentation sweetenings ; nevertheless he looked for accomplishing and keeping outstanding consequences. Schultz was able to put Starbucks chief ends which included growing while keeping the civilization of the organisation. In add-on ; Schultz said. â€Å"Now that I have provided you with a list of some of the underlying issues that I believe we need to work out. allow me state at the beginning that we have all been portion of these decisions† ( 183 ) . This demonstrates that he was able to increase engagement of employees in the organisational determination devising by heightening motive to accomplish outstanding ends. Schu ltz carried all the ego regard. ego regard. and grasp towards the full employees of Starbuck and that’s why they didn’t resist any alteration within the organisation including technological alteration. behavioural alteration. and most of import alteration which is growing. This shows that the behaviour of the employees and their norms of how the employees are ought to act positively affected the public presentation of the company. Furthermore. Schultz was able to develop long-run adaptative behaviours and succeeded at associating those behaviours to occupation public presentation by actuating the staff which led to competitory advantage. In add-on. Schultz focused on a chief end within his organisation which was keeping good partnership between its employees and its clients. In add-on. he created a cosy environment within Starbucks which so is called the â€Å"Third Place† where clients can bask a cup of java while reading a book or hearing to music. This demonstrates a comfort zone for people to loosen up. to experience comfort and safe. Therefore. Starbucks’ subject was to equilibrate between place which is considered as the first topographic point for people. and work which is the 2nd topographic point. and Starbucks as a â€Å"Third Place† Having a clear end and associating this end to the behaviour of the employees succeeded at back uping the scheme and clearly identified the organisational civilization. A strategic program is defined as. â€Å"Plans that are organization-wide. set up overall aims. and place an organisation in term of its environment† ( Robbins A ; DeCenzo. p. 76 ) . Harmonizing to Schultz. he based the overall intent on his passion and committedness to Starbucks and its employees. and maintained the environment based on Starbucks’ civilization. His first measure of the scheme was to convey together professional experient employees from assorted successful well-known organisations which were PepsiCo. Dell and Wal-Mart and associate them to Starbucks. Later. Schultz wanted to increase gross revenues. achieve high degrees of growing. and spread out globally while keeping the civilization. He was capable of making so based on the end of making a partnership between both the employees and the clients which finally led to increased profitableness within the organisation. and besides helped to keep the civilization within Starbucks. From our apprehension ; after we have researched assorted articles about rapid growing. we have come up to the fact that rapid growing may take to profitableness if it was carefully planned and the scheme used expedi tiously. When a good known concern theoretical account is being used in an organisation and all the appropriate resources have been used efficaciously this would finally take to competitory advantage that would steer a manner to bring forthing employment and income. Furthermore. rapid growing could profit an organisation by increasing its capital that may include the assets and the overall wealth of a company would assist to accomplish economic systems of graduated table and hence maintain the flow of money. Due to the competition raised in the market. rapid growing may besides take to diverseness in the civilizations where companies operate. If a company wants to accomplish the maximal benefit from rapid growing. it would so necessitate to take the internal and the external factors into consideration as this would be capable of keeping harmoniousness among the assorted factors. Although rapid growing can be advantageous to an organisation. nevertheless. it wouldn’t be risk free. because when a company grows excessively rapidly it may so convey short and long term trials that would negatively sabotage a company’s public presentation. This would besides intend that it would impact the organisational concern theoretical account. its civilization. and employees’ behaviour. One of the important short term elements that are affected by rapid growing is the fiscal state of affairss of the company that would finally weaken the organisational civilization because of its instability among the stakeholders. For illustration. if demand increases quickly than long tally production which would so make high lifting rising prices this could finally destabilise organisations because it may do failure of fight for domestic and international organisations. In add-on. another factor that would inevitability undermine that civilization is the environment ; harmonizing to the instance survey that would do noise pollution. Harmonizing to â€Å"Balancing Culture and Growth at Starbucks† . espresso machines were used that diluted the unagitated environment of the what so called the â€Å"Third Place† due to the fast growing of production and ingestion that created negative outwardnesss such as addition in noise pollution. Harmonizing to Donald. he believed that there was a tenseness growing that finally affected Starbucks’ civilization which affected Starbucks’ success as this illustrates that rapid growing undermined Starbucks’ civilization and its cosy environment . Schultz quoted. â€Å"Over the past 10 old ages. in order to accomplish the growing. development. and scale necessary to turn from less than 1. 000 shops to 13. 000 shops and beyond. we have had to do series of determinations that. in retrospect. hold led to the irrigating down of the Starbucks’ experience. and. what some might name the commoditization of our brand† ( p. 181 ) . This refers to the fact that turning quickly from one little Starbucks to holding shops about everyplace in the universe affected Starbucks’s civilization and its experience negatively. In add-on. this rapid growing commoditized Starbucks civilization and made it in some manner similar to other trade names in the market. In order to turn. Schultz used engineering to assist him accomplish his fist end which was turning globally. Espresso machines was one of the facets that was used to supply a good service that was able to salvage clip and had the ability to work out one of the major jobs in footings of velocity and service which led to efficiency. However although holding this technological alteration of the usage of the Espresso machines ; it besides had a downsizing side that affected Starbucks civilization and its environment. Harmonizing to the instance survey. Schultz stated that Starbucks has become a concatenation shop instead than a â€Å"Third Place† where the clients are used to loosen up and bask a cup of java which wasn’t what Schultz chief aim. Due to the usage of the automatic espresso machines that were over sized. the clients weren’t even able to visualise how the java is being made. Therefore it negatively undermined the ambiance of Starbucks as people stopped sing it a romantic topographic point because of the Marzocca machines. Furthermore. Starbucks lost the aroma of the java beans as they were all compressed and packed in fresh roasted bags alternatively. they lost the touch of lift outing the java fresh from the containers and crunching it right in forepart of the clients which gave the semblance of holding the warm cosy environment. They designed Starbucks in a manner that helped the organisation and the fiscal section to make efficiencies of graduated table in order to maximise net incomes. Due to the assorted engineerings that were used in Starbucks ; they no longer have the norm that was developed and in return. many people supported and accepted the java heritage. Starbucks environment that was characterized by its java seen. its loosen uping zone. and the aroma of the topographic point wholly started to decrease because of the rapid growing of enginee rings. Schultz took specific stairss to keep the civilization within Starbucks while accomplishing desirable degrees of growing. His first measure was shuting one hundred shops in order to extinguish the enlargement that negatively affected the civilization. Furthermore. he reduced the gross revenues of the sandwiches because the odor of the sandwiches was stronger than the odor of the java and therefore it diminished the civilization within Starbucks. Schultz most theatrical measure was when he closed down all of Starbucks’ shops about three hours that were devoted for employee preparation which included new attacks to better gustatory sensation and texture and to develop new client experience. Better their services. the merchandises that they’re offering and develop the client experience. Schultz wrote a missive in 2007 to his employees saying that. â€Å"it’s the challenge of change by reversaling the commoditization of the experience. It is non hard to cipher the losingss and compute the costs of the significant addition in debt. but what one can non calculate is the dilution of the civilization and the bond among the company. its employees and its customers† ( Hess. 2010. p. 147 ) . Harmonizing to Schultz missive. it is clear that rapid growing undermined Starbucks’ civilization due to the struggle of involvements since he wanted to turn internationally while keeping the domestic little environmental Starbucks’ civilization in Seattle. In order to keep the civilization within Starbucks while accomplishing desirable degrees of growing. we recommend Schultz need to blend between the traditional ways of fixing java and delivery in appropriate engineering. Doing so. this will enable clients to visualise see how the java is being made and to smell the aroma of the beans of java and at the same clip usage desirable sum of automatic espresso machines. As a consequence. when equilibrating between both traditions and engineering it would enable Starbucks to salvage clip and attempt due to the limited machines used and would still keep the original cosy relaxed environment. This would subsequently take to increased growing. and gross revenues as Schultz can maintain at equilibrium Starbucks’ romantic civilization and at the same clip utilizing appropriate engineering that wouldn’t decrease its environment. Furthermore. if any jobs arises such as the interrupting down and the disfunction of the technological espresso machines. Starbucks will ever hold its original easy traditional manner of doing java. In add-on. Schultz will necessitate to supply the machines with particular care where it’s on a regular basis checked and monitored in order to maintain those machines in good form and keep its high quality. Another measure that might assist Schultz in maintaining Starbucks civilization while accomplishing growing is supplying the employees with farther particular preparation plans. Such plans can fit the staff with appropriate and dedicated accomplishments needed to prolong the values of Starbucks. its beliefs. and psychological science. When developing preparation session for the employees. the organisation would hold more stabilized committed strong employees who are dependable due to the apprehension and intent of the preparation and how it can be reflected to bettering their behaviour. In add-on. holding preparation plans would assist in maintaining the norms and the values that Starbucks employees have ever believed in and pull off the manner in which employees interact with the stakeholders including the clients. shareholders. suppliers†¦ . etc. Such preparation plans would let the employees to be more cognizant of Starbucks’ civilization and would supply guidelines on how to keep and confirm the company atmosphere while spread outing and turning. Supplying good client services and being able to efficaciously and expeditiously pass on with the clients in a good manned manner are some of the facets of Starbucks’ civilization. For this ground. Starbucks growing and its success are dependent on the personalities of the employees. We believe on the fact that Schultz should concentrate on enrolling friendly employees who have got good personalities and cognize how to pass on with clients. Therefore. direction could give employees specific personality trial to find whether or non the staff at Starbucks are friendly and societal or they’re aggressive and angry. Starbucks’ clients have ever enjoyed good client service ; as a consequence. holding employees with such superior communicating accomplishments a nd varied cognition would assist continue the civilization. keep current clients. and would farther ease in order to pull more possible clients which would finally take to an addition in growing. Mention Hess. E. H. ( 2010 ) . Smart growing: edifice an enduring concern by pull offing the hazards of growing [ Vol. 22. pp. 147 ] . ( Reader version ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com/books? id=FeHTIjD-N8YC A ; pg=PA147 A ; lpg=PA147 A ; dq=advantages+of+rapid+growth+on+Starbucks+culture A ; source=bl A ; ots=Fciu9hy7o0 A ; sig=RXwWdy7pOmEcp78m30dBid_AgtA A ; hl=en A ; ei=hBr5TMrfOMLTrQfH6Ky7Cw A ; sa=X A ; oi=book_result A ; ct=result A ; resnum=5 A ; ved=0CCcQ6AEwBA # v=onepage Miller. K. ( 2009 ) . Organizational communicating attacks and procedures. USA. Wadsworth printing company. Myers. David G. ( 2008 ) . Social Psychology. ( 9th ed. ) . New York: McGraw Hill Robbins. S. P. Judge. T. A ( 2009 ) . Necessities of Organizational Behavior. Person Hall. Robbins. S. . A ; DeCenzo. D. ( 2008 ) . Fundamentalss of Management: Essential Concepts ad Application. ( 6th ed. ) . Jew Jersey: Pearson Education. Spector. B. ( 2010 ) . Implementing org anisational alteration. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo essays

One Flew Over the Cuckoo essays Milos Formans One Flew Over the Cockoos Nest is based on Keseys best selling novel. Its allegorical theme is set in an authentic mental hospital, a state hospital in Oregon. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest represents a place of resistance exhibited by a lively, eccentric anti-hero against the hospital he is placed in and authority that runs it. Jack Nicholson plays McMurphy, the heroic rebel who lives freely or would rather not live at all. This films message is dramatizing the rebellion against society and the true rights of the American people. Nurse Ratched plays the head of society refusing to conform to someone below her, in the case of the film, McMurphy. The Movie begins with a car's headlights move across the screen as the credits role. A nurse, we later learn to be Nurse Ratched arrives at the locked, barred entry way to a state mental hospital where patients, nurses, and orderlies were going about the distribution of medication. Pills were being dispensed from the Nurses' Station, a large booth with sliding glass panels. An energetic, comedic, and somewhat of a rebellious patient Randel Patrick McMurphy, know as Mac to the patients, is escorted into the ward where he meets some of these unusual people. A silent giant with Native American descent who goes by the nickname Chief is deaf and dumb with had a father blinded after many years of alcoholism. A stuttering, paranoid thirty-year old child trapped in a mans body, Billy Bibbit. This shy individual is deathly afraid of his mother. An always rationalizing, intelligent Dale Harding who is relatively sane but unable to get over his wife's betrayal and adultery. He also gives the audience a feeling that he might be homosexual and is not willing to admit it to himself much less others. An insecure, neurotic Charlie Cheswick who lacking self-confidence. An immature, always looking for attention M...

How White Mountain Apache people think about their lives and the Essay

How White Mountain Apache people think about their lives and the landscape in which they are located - Essay Example It also captures comparative elements between the Apache, Hopi and the Shoshone people. The understanding of the native practices and the shared norms of a community enables individuals to build strong units of engagements. Communities that seek to protect their identity are under obligation to understand their past practices to shape their decisions on various issues â€Å"Basso, 1†. This explains the need for the Apache people who had strong beliefs on social and cultural to know their place of origin, prehistoric events and the significance of their â€Å"cultural landscape†. The Apache people who are believed to have originated from India are located within a radius of twenty miles in the western part of the state. They are individuals with strong cultural and social practices that define their lifestyle â€Å"Simpson, 1†. Their historical background that is comparable to Shoshone and Hopi people depicts them as hard workers, determined and â€Å"place making,† individuals who successfully fought for their rights. They exhibit positive thoughts about their lives and the landscape in which they reside as â€Å"a place world† that means their territory. They stated, â€Å"We are part of the land, the rivers, the trees and all† â€Å"Simpson, 1†. The community members depict themselves as hard workers and good fighters for their rights. This is due to severe prehistoric atrocities that they were exposed to by the assimilation rulers in the US. Despite the hostilities that made them to â€Å"suffer severe economic and political disruptions†, they fought back as a cohesive unit until they claimed their present landscape that is rich in resources. Their lives to date have changed tremendously due to the economic benefits they receive from the landscape â€Å"Basso, 2†. They also hold positive thoughts about their landscape that is referred as â€Å"a cultural

Ethical Issues Concerning Marketing Departments of Major Global Essay - 1

Ethical Issues Concerning Marketing Departments of Major Global Corporations - Essay Example The paper tells that interests in the ethical issues that pertain to international business have grown enormously due to the complexity of the global business environment of the 21st century. Ethical issues for corporations are very important, especially in the age of the internet as information is accessible to everyone. Marketing activities usually pose significant ethical issues in business such as price discrimination and unfair pricing, miscellaneous unfair competitive practices, dishonest advertising, price collusion with competitors, exploiting social paradigms, establishing guilt, post-purchase dissonance, insufficient expertise and cutting corners. Ethical dilemma, otherwise called moral dilemma, are situations in which there are two alternatives whereupon choice is to be made between them, however neither the option has the capacity to resolve the situation in a morally or ethically acceptable manner because the individual and societal ethical or moral guidelines are not ab le to provide a satisfactory result or outcome for the chooser. A circumstance is viewed or regarded as a moral dilemma on the off chance that it fulfills the accompanying three conditions. The first basic condition obliges that an individual must make a decision about the best course of action. Also, there must be different courses of action for the chooser to select from. Finally, there should be no perfect solution so that regardless of the course of action taken; at least one ethical principle is compromised. Therefore, the chooser is subjected to an intricate circumstance that involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives and complying with one option results in transgressing the other.

Plutarch - Fall of the Roman Republic Research Paper

Plutarch - Fall of the Roman Republic - Research Paper Example Despite the person based accounts, which to an extent seem like a mere collection of biographies, Plutarch provides a detail discussion on the underlying forces and factors that undermined and eventually ended the Roman Republic. Plutarch discusses historical figures not as mere personages of history but as prime movers of events. Plutarch’s style in which discussions of historical events are pegged on the lives of individuals has influenced historical references up to today. An example is the analysis of the Agricultural Crisis in Rome where â€Å"Hannibal’s invasion had destroyed farms and farmland.†3 At the center of the Agricultural Crisis were the Gracchus4 Brothers, â€Å"Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune in 133 B. C. promised to help the farmers. He called for taking of public land and distributing it among the landless farmers.†5 This clearly contains Plutarch’s style wherein individual persons are at the center of major events most especially events that precipitated to the decline and eventual end of the Roman Republic. Moreover, analysis of the period of decline up to the end of the Roman Republic centers on the personas of the individuals that were identified to being so influential and powerful that their personality, life and ideas forged the destiny of Rome. â€Å"The disintegration of the Roman Republic is the first example in European history of the collapse of a constitutional system. One school of thought contends that individual generals and would be dictators like Julius Caesar and Pompey destroyed the traditional political system of Rome through ruthless ambition. According to this view, the Commanders of the Roman army, acting like feuding Mafia dons, turned their armies inward upon the Constitutional system.† 6 From another source, â€Å"Julius Caesar's adoptive son, Octavian, became, like Augustus, the first  emperor of Rome. According to modern ways of looking at things, this or the assassination of Julius Caesar on the Ides of March 44 B.C. marked the official end of the Republic of Rome.

Reflecting On Swot Analysis Two Student Nurse Interviews Nursing Essay

Reflecting On Swot Analysis Two Student Nurse Interviews Nursing Essay you know you have got to lift the bar a little, because you are no longer a carer or a nursing assistant, your actual on your way up to being a nurse, obviously you have got to set an exampleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (from student F.) Incident: I was struck by Fs reflection on her own change in identity and awareness of internal drive to meet a standard. She was obviously struggling with this change process and aware of feeling vulnerable. I was surprised by her sharing this with me as she was a first year student nurse and this is a level of maturity in self awareness and reflection I might expect from a more senior student nurse or even from a newly qualified staff nurse. F. had spoken at the start of interview about trying to find her feet and perhaps feeling sensitive about things. I responded with active listening through the rest of the interview and with an effective summary question/ statement towards the end that allowed F. to talk about moving on to her next placement. F. was voicing the possibility of having a different outlook towards a new experience; almost as if she was recognising the beginnings of long process of change in becoming a professional nurse. Reflective observation: In my SWOT analysis of both interviews I conducted, I saw this as the obvious opportunity for a learning moment, both for F. herself and also for myself as an aspiring future mentor. My thought during the interview was that this was a precious moment for F in becoming a nurse; and did wonder how I should respond to her verbalisation of her thoughts and feelings. When I constructed the analysis this part stood out for me again as being a chance for myself to learn, perhaps how to become more effective as a mentor. My thoughts were how to cherish and help this kind of reflection in students in the future. I also wondered how rare these kind of conversations happened during nursing training. F. reflections that she shared with me, reminded me of my own training and how some staff nurses and charge nurses had stood out for me in the process of myself acquiring the identity as a nurse. There was a protective element here in that I wondered how F.s current reflective state could be nurtured and developed in her future placements. I wondered if she was aware herself of this change process and whether she would voice this in future with her mentors and tutors. It might be possible for F. and similar students to ignore and keep quiet about vulnerabilities and internalise this change process. If mentors were open to listening and gently questioning about becoming a nurse then this might facilitate growth and awareness of the nursing identity. I considered how it might be difficult to record this type of reflection in the CAP booklet, even though the booklet explicitly encourages the use of reflection. A mentor would have to develop excellent reflective skills in order to facilitate these skills in students, and perhaps become sensitive to these opportunities for reflection arising early in the programme of nursing education. A possibility for mentors would be to use the mid and end placement meetings with students. So that as well as assessing competencies and professional role development; there could be a place to gently discuss and reflect on identity as a nurse. As well as this it might be possible for students to keep a reflective diary during placement and regularly meet with the mentor to discuss issues as they arose. There might be some reluctance for both mentor and student to explore these areas as this is very much about personal identity and occurs during a period of learning and developing in many different aspects as a nurse. Reflection might well be different for a very experienced and skilled staff nurse who is confident in their own capabilities and skills. Related Theory: Some elements of theory relating to developing as a reflective practitioner within modern nursing will be analysed in the following section. The path to becoming a nurse, can involve sharing feelings and asking for support and finding ways to handle emotions (Jarvis and Gibson, 2001). There can be an inherent vulnerability during the process of socialisation where the values and attitudes, that allow the nurse to function in his or her role within the health care system, are in a state of flux and change (Morton-Cooper and Palmer, 2000). The mentor ideally should create a warm, genuine supportive relationship based on trust and sound interpersonal skills (Jarvis and Gibson, 2001). This must be fundamental to facilitating reflection upon personal and professional identity as a nurse. Gardiner (2003) introduces the idea of professional friendship to the role of being a mentor where listening, giving of recognition and challenging are added to the friend type relationship. Some barriers to facilitating reflection on attitudes and self awareness can lie in the multi faceted role of the mentor. The mentor role is flexible and may have to cover a number of parts and elements; some of which may be contradictory. Two possibly opposing roles are informal teacher and guide and also assessor of professional competence especially with a student that is struggling or failing. So it may be difficult to add to this list that of confidant and counsellor in the broadest sense (Jarvis and Gibson, 2001). The traditional concept of being professional could hinder openness for student nurses. There is a traditional view of keeping a professional distance and restraint in health care which may not encourage the expression of feelings and vulnerabilities for student nurses. However, Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) argue there is some growing evidence of the importance of developing emotional work as a critical element to caring, where this is described as emotional literacy, or perhaps in plain English terms as being able to express feelings appropriately, safely and effectively. Jarvis and Gibson (2001) discuss the teacher- learner relationship as being hierarchical and the teacher having authority versus creating an inclusive, informal teaching relationship that encourages open reflection and critical thinking. There may be some difficulty for the student to reflect and be vulnerable and open about their changing identity where there is a strict authoritarian relationship (Jarvis and Gibson, 2001). However, the nurse can develop authority based on professionalism and skills and knowledge that is legitimised by colleagues and students. This also relates to the element of mentorship in being a positive role model for student nurse (Jarvis and Gibson, 2001). Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) state the idea of the adult learner who directs their own learning and is in a process of becoming rather than being shaped into a role. There are some ways to facilitate reflective practice and awareness. Donovan (2007) suggests using a formal reflective tool and a diary can be useful. Reflective discussion with peers and mentors also can be helpful. Trust is an important element in making reflection effective in clinical placement. Levett-Jones (2007) suggests the idea of using narratives in self assessment. Case study or narratives may be more suitable to exploring practice, assessing competencies and skills. However, this could be a starting point in developing reflective skills and a language of emotional literacy. The value of narrative could lie in allowing direction by the mentor for the beginning nurse while being flexible during nursing education. There is also the value of providing a personal and persistent record for assessment and evaluation (Levett-Jones, 2007). Some of difficulties have been examined that there may arise in developing as a reflective practitioner and how a mentor may help. There has been a short consideration of some of the possible tools such as diaries and narratives which may help in the learning process. Future Action: To be a more effective mentor, I would consider using a formal reflective tool such as Marks-Maran and Rose (1997) while mentoring students. This will be familiar to student nurses as it is used in the University of Dundee and in NHS Fife. I would try and use it more explicitly during planned learning programmes. Further I would consider some strategies to encourage reflective discussion amongst students. Some ideas might be planned case studies involving one or more students. A structured and open discussion with a student about attitudes and professional roles may be useful at mid and end placement, although I would be tempted to arrange this after assessment and filling in competencies in the CAP booklet. I t would probably be ideal to have this at separate time as students appear to be anxious about completing their booklets. Lastly, I may trial the use of narrative and or diaries to help with assessment of learning to see if this can promote reflection by students I will be working with.

Psychology As Storytelling Essay -- essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Storytelling has been with us since the days of campfire and besieging wild animals. It served a number of important functions: amelioration of fears, communication of vital information (regarding survival tactics and the characteristics of animals, for instance), the satisfaction of a sense of order (justice), the development of the ability to hypothesize, predict and introduce theories and so on. We are all endowed with a sense of wonder. The world around us in inexplicable, baffling in its diversity and myriad forms. We experience an urge to organize it, to "explain the wonder away", to order it in order to know what to expect next (predict). These are the essentials of survival. But while we have been successful at imposing our mind's structures on the outside world - we have been much less successful when we tried to cope with our internal universe. The relationship between the structure and functioning of our (ephemeral) mind, the structure and modes of operation of our (physical) brain and the structure and conduct of the outside world have been the matter of heated debate for millennia. Broadly speaking, there were (and still are) two ways of treating it: There were those who, for all practical purposes, identified the origin (brain) with its product (mind). Some of them postulated the existence of a lattice of preconceived, born categorical knowledge about the universe - the vessels into which we pour our experience and which mold it. Others have regarded the mind as a black box. While it was possible in principle to know its input and output, it was impossible, again in principle, to understand its internal functioning and management of information. Pavlov coined the word "conditioning", Watson adopted it and invented "behaviorism", Skinner came up with "reinforcement". But all ignored the psychophysical question: what IS the mind and HOW is it linked to the brain? The other camp was more "scientific" and "positivist". It speculated that the mind (whether a physical entity, an epiphenomenon, a non-physical principle of organization, or the result of introspection) - had a structure and a limited set of functions. They argued that a "user's manua... ... inaccessible, recesses of his mind. He feels that he is being reintegrated, that "things fall into place". In psychodynamic terms, the energy is released to do productive and positive work, rather than to induce distorted and destructive forces. c. The Purgatory Principle - In most cases, the client feels sinful, debased, inhuman, decrepit, corrupting, guilty, punishable, hateful, alienated, strange, mocked and so on. The plot offers him absolution. Like the highly symbolic figure of the Saviour before him - the client's sufferings expurgate, cleanse, absolve, and atone for his sins and handicaps. A feeling of hard won achievement accompanies a successful plot. The client sheds layers of functional, adaptive clothing. This is inordinately painful. The client feels dangerously naked, precariously exposed. He then assimilates the plot offered to him, thus enjoying the benefits emanating from the previous two principles and only then does he develop new mechanisms of coping. Therapy is a mental crucifixion and resurrection and atonement for the sins. It is highly religious with the plot in the role of the scriptures from which solace and consolation can be always gleaned.